2009年托福考试阅读模拟试题
<p> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="pioneering">pioneering</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="attempt">attempt</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="discover">discover</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="production">production</span> <span word="efficiency">efficiency</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="founding">founding</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="relations">relations</span> <span word="movement">movement</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="industry">industry</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="development">development</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="motivational">motivational</span> <span word="skills">skills</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="tools">tools</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="managers">managers</span>. <span word="in">in</span> 1927 <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="involved">involved</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="determining">determining</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="optimum">optimum</span> <span word="amount">amount</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="lighting">lighting</span>， <span word="temperature">temperature</span>， <span word="and">and</span> <span word="humidity">humidity</span> (<span word="with">with</span> <span word="lighting">lighting</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="considered">considered</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="important">important</span>) <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="assembly">assembly</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="electronic">electronic</span> <span word="components">components</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="western">western</span> <span word="electric">electric</span>. <span word="the">the</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="lighting">lighting</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="consistent">consistent</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="production">production</span>. <span word="in">in</span> <span word="fact">fact</span>， <span word="production">production</span> <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span> <span word="increased">increased</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="lighting">lighting</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="reduced">reduced</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="level">level</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ordinary">ordinary</span> <span word="moonlight">moonlight</span>! <span word="the">the</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="harvard">harvard</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span>， <span word="elton">elton</span> <span word="mayo">mayo</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fritz">fritz</span> <span word="roethlisberger">roethlisberger</span>， <span word="were">were</span> <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="investigate">investigate</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="unexpected">unexpected</span> <span word="results">results</span> <span word="further">further</span>. <span word="they">they</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="responding">responding</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="level">level</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="lighting">lighting</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fact">fact</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="observed">observed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="experimenters">experimenters</span>.</p><p> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="phenomenon">phenomenon</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hawthorne">hawthorne</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="experiments">experiments</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="conducted">conducted</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="western">western</span> <span word="electric">electric</span> <span word="hawthorne">hawthorne</span> <span word="plant">plant</span>. <span word="this">this</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="documented">documented</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="widely">widely</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="psychological">psychological</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="work">work</span>， <span word="and">and</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="effort">effort</span> <span word="aimed">aimed</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="examining">examining</span> <span word="psychological">psychological</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="factors">factors</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="workplace">workplace</span>. <span word="further">further</span> <span word="experiments">experiments</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="continued">continued</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="five">five</span> <span word="years">years</span>. <span word="generally">generally</span>， <span word="the">the</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="concluded">concluded</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="experiments">experiments</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="motivation">motivation</span> (<span word="pay">pay</span>) <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sole">sole</span> <span word="source">source</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="productivity">productivity</span> <span word="and">and</span>， <span word="in">in</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="cases">cases</span>， <span word="not">not</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="source">source</span>. <span word="through">through</span> <span word="interviews">interviews</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="test">test</span> <span word="results">results</span>， <span word="the">the</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="focused">focused</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="attitudes">attitudes</span>， <span word="supervision">supervision</span>， <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="peer">peer</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="forces">forces</span>， <span word="on">on</span> <span word="productivity">productivity</span>.</p>
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