2011年英语六级写作分段逐句指导的主题句
<p> 主题句是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例： <span word="My">My</span> <span word="mother">mother</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="along">along</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="rules">rules</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="getting">getting</span> <span word="along">along</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="others">others</span>. <span word="Dont">Dont</span> <span word="argue">argue</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="parents">parents</span>; <span word="they">they</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="dont">dont</span> <span word="love">love</span> <span word="them">them</span>. <span word="Dont">Dont</span> <span word="argue">argue</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="children">children</span>; <span word="they">they</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span> <span word="victimized">victimized</span>. <span word="Dont">Dont</span> <span word="argue">argue</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="spouses">spouses</span>; <span word="they">they</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="tiresome">tiresome</span> <span word="mate">mate</span>. <span word="Dont">Dont</span> <span word="argue">argue</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="strangers">strangers</span>; <span word="they">they</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="friendly">friendly</span>. <span word="My">My</span> <span word="mothers">mothers</span> <span word="rules">rules</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="fact">fact</span>, <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="summed">summed</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="words">words</span>: <span word="Dont">Dont</span> <span word="argue">argue</span>. 主题句中提出的 <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="rules">rules</span> 指的是什么?展开句中通过四个 <span word="Dont">Dont</span> <span word="argue">argue</span> -- 逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个比较典型的段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句。 1.1 主题句的位置 主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。， 例1: <span word="Our">Our</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="today">today</span> <span word="depends">depends</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="energy">energy</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="towns">towns</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="villages">villages</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="farms">farms</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="factories">factories</span>, <span word="machines">machines</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="easier">easier</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="machines">machines</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="energy">energy</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="needed">needed</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="heating">heating</span>, <span word="lighting">lighting</span>, <span word="communications">communications</span>, <span word="carrying">carrying</span> <span word="goods">goods</span> -- <span word="everything">everything</span>. <span word="Factories">Factories</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="industrial">industrial</span> <span word="plants">plants</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="buy">buy</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sell">sell</span>.， 这段文字所讲的主要是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖于能源。而随后出现的三句都是具体事例，对第一句进行说明和论述。我们可以断定第一句为该段的主题句。 ， 例2: <span word="No">No</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="avoid">avoid</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="influenced">influenced</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="advertisements">advertisements</span>. <span word="Much">Much</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="pride">pride</span> <span word="ourselves">ourselves</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="taste">taste</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="longer">longer</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="choose">choose</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="want">want</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="advertising">advertising</span> <span word="exerts">exerts</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="subtle">subtle</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="us">us</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="efforts">efforts</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="persuade">persuade</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="buy">buy</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="product">product</span>, <span word="advertisers">advertisers</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="classified">classified</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="weakness">weakness</span>. 以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句，直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题，接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持，指出我们已无法自由选择所需的商品，理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理，并完全掌握了我们的弱点。句子衔接自然，步步紧扣主题。 1.2 如何写好主题句中的关键词 段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对具体的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展;二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。在上面的例1，例2中，主题句的关键词分别为：<span word="depends">depends</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="energy">energy</span>; <span word="no">no</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="avoid">avoid</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="influenced">influenced</span>. 我们再看下列例句： 原句1: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="fix">fix</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bicycle">bicycle</span> <span word="himself">himself</span>. 斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用因果关系法还是用分类法? 修正：<span word="He">He</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="fix">fix</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bicycle">bicycle</span> <span word="himself">himself</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="steps">steps</span>. 的 修正：<span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="fix">fix</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bicycle">bicycle</span> <span word="himself">himself</span>. 原句2: <span word="She">She</span> <span word="tries">tries</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="improve">improve</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="looks">looks</span>. 斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么?或者她采取什么方法来改善呢?我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。 修正：<span word="She">She</span> <span word="tries">tries</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="improve">improve</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="looks">looks</span>. 的 修正：<span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="tries">tries</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="improve">improve</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="looks">looks</span>。 1.3 如何写好主题句的中心思想 主题句由两部分组成，即主题和中心思想。中心思想的作用是导向和制约。我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题;没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。 对于初学写作的人来说，导向的重要性容易理解，但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句，就可能忽视制约这一面。例如： <span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="book">book</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="property">property</span> <span word="right">right</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="establish">establish</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="paying">paying</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="just">just</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="yourself">yourself</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="yourself">yourself</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="writing">writing</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="it">it</span>. 本段的主题句如果没有<span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> 引出的定语从句，那么<span word="two">two</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> 不仅不能起制约作用，而且也不能起导向作用，句子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。 <span word="Exercise">Exercise</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="beneficial">beneficial</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="heart">heart</span>. <span word="A">A</span> 22-<span word="year">year</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="conducted">conducted</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="California">California</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="jobs">jobs</span> <span word="experience">experience</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="heart">heart</span> <span word="attacks">attacks</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="people">people</span>. <span word="These">These</span> <span word="active">active</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="moderate">moderate</span> <span word="speeds">speeds</span>, <span word="their">their</span> <span word="daily">daily</span> <span word="routine">routine</span> <span word="gives">gives</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="adequate">adequate</span> <span word="amount">amount</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="exercise">exercise</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="helps">helps</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="stay">stay</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="shape">shape</span>. <span word="Exercise">Exercise</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="beneficial">beneficial</span>这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上<span word="to">to</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="heart">heart</span>来加以 <span word="control">control</span> 和 <span word="limit">limit</span>，那就流于空泛。 因此，紧紧把握主题句中<span word="controlling">controlling</span> <span word="idea">idea</span>的导向和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。</p>
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