科学探究的方法
<p> <span word="Why">Why</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="inductive">inductive</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="mathematical">mathematical</span> <span word="sciences">sciences</span>, <span word="after">after</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="rapid">rapid</span> <span word="development">development</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="culmination">culmination</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Greek">Greek</span> <span word="civilization">civilization</span>, <span word="advanced">advanced</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="slowly">slowly</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="thousand">thousand</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="hundred">hundred</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="natural">natural</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="mathematical">mathematical</span> <span word="science">science</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="accumulated">accumulated</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="vastly">vastly</span> <span word="exceeds">exceeds</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="previously">previously</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="sciences">sciences</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="justly">justly</span> <span word="regarded">regarded</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="products">products</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="times">times</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="questions">questions</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="interested">interested</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="philosopher">philosopher</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="objects">objects</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="sciences">sciences</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="immediately">immediately</span> <span word="conversant">conversant</span>. <span word="Was">Was</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="employment">employment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="method">method</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="research">research</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="exercise">exercise</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="greater">greater</span> <span word="virtue">virtue</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="methods">methods</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="singular">singular</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="phenomenon">phenomenon</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="origin">origin</span>? <span word="Was">Was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="period">period</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="arrested">arrested</span> <span word="development">development</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="era">era</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="normal">normal</span> <span word="growth">growth</span>? <span word="Or">Or</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="ascribe">ascribe</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="characteristics">characteristics</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="periods">periods</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="so">so</span>-<span word="called">called</span> <span word="historical">historical</span> <span word="accidents">accidents</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="conjunctions">conjunctions</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="circumstances">circumstances</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="explanation">explanation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="possible">possible</span>, <span word="save">save</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="omnipotence">omnipotence</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="wisdom">wisdom</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="guiding">guiding</span> <span word="Providence">Providence</span>?</p><p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="explanation">explanation</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="commonplace">commonplace</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ancients">ancients</span> <span word="employed">employed</span> <span word="deduction">deduction</span> <span word="chiefly">chiefly</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="inquiries">inquiries</span>, <span word="while">while</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="moderns">moderns</span> <span word="employ">employ</span> <span word="induction">induction</span>, <span word="proves">proves</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="narrow">narrow</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fails">fails</span> <span word="upon">upon</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="examination">examination</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="point">point</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="sufficient">sufficient</span> <span word="distinctness">distinctness</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="evident">evident</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="ancient">ancient</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="doctrines">doctrines</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="inquiries">inquiries</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="founded">founded</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="observation">observation</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="proceeds">proceeds</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="synthesis">synthesis</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="induction">induction</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="deduction">deduction</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="verification">verification</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="appeals">appeals</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="observation">observation</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="guidance">guidance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="deduction">deduction</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="steps">steps</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="indeed">indeed</span> <span word="correlative">correlative</span> <span word="parts">parts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="method">method</span>; <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ancient">ancient</span> <span word="sciences">sciences</span> <span word="afford">afford</span> <span word="examples">examples</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="methods">methods</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="parts">parts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="method">method</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="generalized">generalized</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="examples">examples</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="science">science</span>.</p>
页:
[1]