英语四六级阅读理解解题技巧全攻略
<p> 四六级阅读理解解题技巧详文 一、分析文章结构 一般来说，我们阅读文章的目的是为了获取信息。文章体裁不同，其结构特点就会各异。因此，我们获取信息的最有效方法之一就是去学习和了解文章的结构，以便更加准确、快速地定位我们要找的信息。 大学英语四级考试中的阅读理解文章的体裁主要有三类：叙述文、说明文和议论文。下面我们四级考试真题来具体说明如何利用文章的结构特点来达到阅读的目的。 1、叙述文 叙述文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主，对于经历的陈述通常由一定的时间概念贯穿其中，或顺序或倒序。但是四级考试中一般不出现单纯的叙述文，因为单纯的叙述文比较简单、易懂。所以四级考试中的叙述文大多是夹叙夹议的文章。这类文章的基本结构模式是： 1) 用一段概括性的话引入要叙述的经历 2) 叙述先前的经历及其感悟或发现 3) 叙述接下来的经历及其感悟或发现 4) 做出总结或结论 2000年12月四级考试阅读理解的第二篇就是这样的结构。我们可以将其结构简化为： 1) 总括性的话： <span word="Engineering">Engineering</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="supposed">supposed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="example">example</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="practicality">practicality</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="rationality">rationality</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="college">college</span> <span word="education">education</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="idealist">idealist</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fool">fool</span>. <span word="http">http</span>://<span word="www">www</span>.<span word="yhcyks">yhcyks</span>.<span word="com">com</span> 2) 先前的经历或想法 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="wanted">wanted</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> ，<span word="but">but</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="didnt">didnt</span> <span word="chose">chose</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="college">college</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="engineering">engineering</span> <span word="department">department</span>. 3) 往后的经历 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="chose">chose</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="engineering">engineering</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="liberal">liberal</span>-<span word="arts">arts</span> <span word="university">university</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="broad">broad</span> <span word="education">education</span>. 4) 接下来的经历 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="headed">headed</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="sure">sure</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="advantage">advantage</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="others">others</span>. 5) 再下来的经历 <span word="Now">Now</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="sure">sure</span>.<span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="learned">learned</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="engineering">engineering</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="try">try</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reconcile">reconcile</span> <span word="engineering">engineering</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="liberal">liberal</span>-<span word="arts">arts</span> <span word="courses">courses</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="college">college</span>. 6) 结论 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="realized">realized</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="struggle">struggle</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reconcile">reconcile</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="engineering">engineering</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="liberal">liberal</span>-<span word="arts">arts</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span>. 只要理解了这类文章的结构特点，解答问题就相当简单，因为这类文章后的阅读理解试题大多是和文章的内容先后顺序一致的细节题。 2、说明文 说明文的一般结构模式和叙述文的结构模式有相通之处即：提出问题---- 发现直接原因----- 分析深层原因-----得出结论或找到出路。 1) <span word="Priscilla">Priscilla</span> <span word="Ouchuidas">Ouchuidas</span> <span word="energy">energy</span>-<span word="efficient">efficient</span> <span word="house">house</span> <span word="turned">turned</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="horrible">horrible</span> <span word="dream">dream</span>.<span word="a">a</span> <span word="strange">strange</span> <span word="illness">illness</span>. 2) <span word="Experts">Experts</span> <span word="finally">finally</span> <span word="traced">traced</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="illness">illness</span>. 3) <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Ouchidas">Ouchidas</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="victims">victims</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="indoor">indoor</span> <span word="air">air</span> <span word="pollution">pollution</span>,. 4) <span word="The">The</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="appears">appears</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="troublesome">troublesome</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="newly">newly</span> <span word="constructed">constructed</span> <span word="homes">homes</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="ones">ones</span>. 知道了类似的文章结构特点，就可以据此来进行考题预测。比如，我们看出了该篇文章属于这种结构类型，就能判断出几个问题中肯定有一个要问原因，还有可能要出现推断题。 3、议论文 我们大家最容易辨认出来的议论文模式是主张---反主张模式。在这一模式中，作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点，然后进行澄清，说明自己的主张或观点，或者说提出反主张或真实情况。1996年1月大学英语四级考试阅读理解第四篇就是这样的结构。 文章的开始提出某<span word="college">college</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span>认为:<span word="High">High</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="teachers">teachers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="jobs">jobs</span> . 因为 <span word="His">His</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bad">bad</span> <span word="command">command</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="English">English</span>. 作者的反观点是： 1) <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="inevitable">inevitable</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="generation">generation</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="complain">complain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="immediately">immediately</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="it">it</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="dissatisfaction">dissatisfaction</span>. 2) <span word="The">The</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="criticize">criticize</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="teachers">teachers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="aware">aware</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="years">years</span>. 最后的结论是：<span word="The">The</span> <span word="concern">concern</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="decline">decline</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fall">fall</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="generation">generation</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="peculiar">peculiar</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="todays">todays</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="people">people</span>. 议论文的这种结构特点决定了它的主要题型是作者观点态度题，文章主旨题以及推理判断题。只要发现了这种结构特点，解答问题的主要任务就变成了到段落内找答案，基本上不存在任何困难。 通过研究以上的文章结构特点，我们不难发现，在四级考试阅读理解中无论任何体裁的文章都遵循着这样一个共同的模式：提出话题---- 用事例分析原因------得出结论。对文章结构特点的把握有助于读者更加自觉地关注文章的开始和结尾，分清观点和事例，从而在四级考试的阅读理解中准确定位，快速答题。 二、把握行文脉络 境界较高的阅读是把注意力集中在作者的思想上，而不是在个别零碎单词上。比如读到<span word="but">but</span>的时候，应当能预见到下一句意思与上一句相反。能够捉住作者行文的思路，这样就能把握全文的脉络。 首先要根据文中的结构词把握文章的脉络。文章按结构可分为顺承式文章和转折式文章。 顺承式结构指的是前后两个部分之间内容相近，相辅相成，通常由下列连接词连接：<span word="similarly">similarly</span>，<span word="first">first</span>，<span word="second">second</span>，<span word="because">because</span>，<span word="thus">thus</span>等等。 转折式结构一般指两个部分之间内容相反，相互对立。通常由下列转折词连接：<span word="however">however</span>，<span word="yet">yet</span>，<span word="but">but</span>，<span word="while">while</span>，<span word="nevertheless">nevertheless</span>等等。 区分文章是属于转折式还是顺承式，主要看文中是否有转折词。没有转折词则为顺承式结构，有转折词则为转折式结构。只要看到转折词，就可断定前后两部分的内容是相反的。 三、 巧妙绕开生词 我们这里所说的巧妙绕开生词的方法和上面分析文章结构特点的思路是统一的，也就是说，只要我们从总体上把握了文章，不用认识每一个单词也能照样理解整篇文章。 1、英语文章中不是所有的词的功能都是同等的，有些词担负着传达主要信息的功能，而有些词主要起语法作用或者它所传达的信息和下文的其他信息没有联系。这类词有：表示人名，地名，机构名等专有名词。遇到这些词，只要我们能辨认出它是专有名词，就能理解文章而不必知道它的意思。比如在下面的句子中：<span word="In">In</span> <span word="fact">fact</span>, <span word="says">says</span> <span word="David">David</span> <span word="Dinges">Dinges</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span> <span word="specialist">specialist</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</span> <span word="School">School</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Medicine">Medicine</span>, <span word="theres">theres</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="prohibition">prohibition</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="admitting">admitting</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span>. 两个引号之间的部分就不必去管它。类似的还有：<span word="We">We</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="totally">totally</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="attitude">attitude</span> <span word="toward">toward</span> <span word="napping">napping</span>, <span word="says">says</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span>. <span word="William">William</span> <span word="Dement">Dement</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Stanford">Stanford</span> <span word="University">University</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="godfather">godfather</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span> <span word="research">research</span>. 2、我们不用弄清上面某些部分的原因是，它们的后面往往有一个同位语来解释说明它们的意思。这就引起了我们不用弄懂所有单词意思的第二个理由。也就是说如果我们对文章中的某一个单词不熟悉，我们还可以根据统一篇文章中的其他信息来帮助判断。这类信息有：同位语、下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下词以及标点符号等。 四、 抓住句子主干 我们要实现快速准确理解文章除了要抓住关键句子外，还要抓住句子当中的关键成分。主要是句子的主干，如主语、谓语和宾语，因为它们是传达信息的主要载体，其他成分，不论它有多么长，多么复杂它都是辅助成分。比如在下面的句子中：<span word="Another">Another</span> <span word="element">element</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="emergence">emergence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="prodigies">prodigies</span>,<span word="I">I</span> <span word="found">found</span> , <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="society">society</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="values">values</span> <span word="excellence">excellence</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="field">field</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="nurture">nurture</span> <span word="talent">talent</span>. 只要我们抓住了<span word="Element">Element</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="society">society</span>.就可以得知社会是神童出现的一个因素。 要说明的核心问题是，我们阅读英语文章时，一定要有一个全局观念，从宏观上来把握文章，做到了这一点，我们面对各类文章的各类题型都能够从容应对。 五、解题顺序 作阅读理解题的解题顺序通常有这样几种： 三部曲式：先读文章再做题目拿不准的再回头读文章 此为传统方法，命中率高，速度慢，效率自然就低。 抓重点式：先读题目，划出考点关键词;再带着问题读文章，根据考点关键词进行定位，查找解题信息。 感觉式：不读文章只做题目。实际上是狗急跳墙的做法。可是若熟练掌握解的特征，其命中率不一定非常低，我们做过试验，学生掌握解的特征后，令其只做题目不看文章，结合生活常识和其他知识进行判断，平均命中率在40%左右，远高于25%的理论值。有的天才学生甚至达到60%左右的命中率。 我们认为，这三种方法中第二种比较好，可以在正确率和效率之间达到最佳平衡。事实上，根据考点关键词进行定位这种方法需稍加训练，高中以上学生用该方法做25篇左右阅读理解就比较熟练了。</p>
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