听写如何提高写的准确率
<p> 听写是一项复杂的脑手相结合的活动。它不仅需要用耳朵去辨别声音信息，而且要求对经过耳杂输入大脑的信号进行处理，再通过手迅速准确地记录下来。实践证明，这是一项培养和测试学生语言能力的重要方法。专家证实，在短时间内；要测验出一个人的英语水平，听写和做综合填充题就很好。为避免多项选择的偏差，近年来四、六级统考以及全国高等教育自学考试的英语听力科目都增加了听写试题。其中四、六级听写占听力总分的50％；自考听写占总分的30%。由此可见听写的重要性。 听写测试的形式 听写的测试方法有多种，较常见的有以下几种：第一种是单纯的单句、段落或短文听写，一般播放三遍，第一遍为正常语速；第二遍稍慢；第三遍为正常语速。此种为自考所采用。第二种是传统式听写填空。它给出一篇100～200字短文，短文按一定规律留出空白，要求学生根据录音填空，每空一词。此种多出现在听力教程和小型测试中。第三种和第四种为近几年四、六级统考中使用的两种新题型，即<span word="Spot">Spot</span> <span word="Dictation">Dictation</span>和<span word="Compound">Compound</span> <span word="Dictation">Dictation</span>。前者虽然也叫<span word="Spot">Spot</span> <span word="Dictation">Dictation</span>，但实际的测试形式已有所变化。试题册上给出一篇不完整约120字的短文，要求考生根据录音在空格处填入一个句子或者填入句子的一个部分，共约50个词。所填入的内容往往是关键词或与中心思想相关的内容。全文以大纲规定的语速朗读三遍，第一遍没有停顿，供考生听懂全文大意；第二遍在空格后有停顿，要求考生把听到的内容填人空格；第三遍与第一遍一样，没有停顿，供考生进行核对。 与传统听写填空的不同之处在于： ①空格位置没有规律。 ②填充内容由原来的一个词增加到若干个，乃至填写句子。因此，在难度上比传统式填空有所增加。下面是一篇<span word="Spot">Spot</span> <span word="Dictation">Dictation</span>的样题。 <span word="Believe">Believe</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span>，43 000 000 <span word="Americans">Americans</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="gardening">gardening</span>．<span word="ThatSabout">ThatSabout</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="six">six</span>．<span word="Gardenem">Gardenem</span>，<span word="of">of</span> <span word="course">course</span>，<span word="come">come</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="varieties">varieties</span>．<span word="Not">Not</span> <span word="surprisingly">surprisingly</span>，<span word="most">most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="live">live</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="suburbs">suburbs</span>，<span word="and">and</span> <span word="enojy">enojy</span> <span word="planting">planting</span> <span word="flowers">flowers</span>，<span word="or">or</span> <span word="maybe">maybe</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="vegetable">vegetable</span> <span word="garden">garden</span>． <span word="The">The</span> <span word="average">average</span> <span word="age">age</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="gardeners">gardeners</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="about">about</span> 45 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="old">old</span>；<span word="they">they</span> <span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="fall">fall</span> <span word="somewhere">somewhere</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="middle">middle</span> <span word="class">class</span>，，<span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fa">fa</span>,<span word="stest">stest</span> <span word="growing">growing</span> <span word="groups">groups</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="dwellers">dwellers</span>．，<span word="Urban">Urban</span> <span word="residents">residents</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="finding">finding</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="gardening">gardening</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="crowded">crowded</span> <span word="areas">areas</span>．<span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="gardens">gardens</span>，<span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="place">place</span> <span word="designed">designed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="garden">garden</span>，<span word="and">and</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="ranch">ranch</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="plot">plot</span>． <span word="Still">Still</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="balconies">balconies</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="roof">roof</span> <span word="tops">tops</span>，<span word="wherever">wherever</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="space">space</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="plant">plant</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="patches">patches</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="green">green</span>。 我们再来看<span word="Compound">Compound</span> <span word="Dictation">Dictation</span>。它包括两部分：第一部分要求考生根据录音内容准确填出空格里的词汇，一般为一个单词，全段共填8-10个单词；第二部分要求考生听完后写出该部分的文章重点； 复合式听写的全文内容约250字，共朗读三遍。第一遍为全文朗读，语速正常，中间无停顿；第二遍朗读时在文章第一部分每个空格后略有停顿，供考生填写所缺单词；在文章第二部分念完后有约5分钟时间，让考生根据所听内容写出主要意思；第三遍又以正常语速朗读全文，没有停顿。此类题旨在考核学生的听、记能力和书面表达能力。有一点需要提醒大家的是，导言中特别要求考生：<span word="After">After</span> <span word="listening">listening</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="passage">passage</span>，<span word="you">you</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="required">required</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="write">write</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="points">points</span> <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="heard">heard</span>，也就是说你不能照录音原文做记录，而应在听懂全文后进行归纳，并用自己的话简炼地将要点表达出来。 以下是一篇<span word="Compound">Compound</span> <span word="Dictation">Dictation</span>的第二部分，划线部分为所缺内容，要求考生根据这部分内容，归纳出要点。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="general">general</span>, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="moving">moving</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="night">night</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="wise">wise</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="traveled">traveled</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="lighted">lighted</span> <span word="streets">streets</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="travel">travel</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="areas">areas</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="considered">considered</span> <span word="dangerous">dangerous</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="deserted">deserted</span>, <span word="you">you</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="bus">bus</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="taxi">taxi</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="foot">foot</span>.<span word="Avoid">Avoid</span> <span word="parks">parks</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="dark">dark</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="deserted">deserted</span>. <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="cities">cities</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="special">special</span> <span word="telephone">telephone</span> <span word="numbers">numbers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="report">report</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fire">fire</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="call">call</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="police">police</span>. <span word="You">You</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="listed">listed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="front">front</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="telephone">telephone</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="telephones">telephones</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="posted">posted</span>, <span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="reach">reach</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="police">police</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="fire">fire</span> <span word="department">department</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="calling">calling</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="operator">operator</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="telephone">telephone</span>.<span word="If">If</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="automobile">automobile</span> <span word="accident">accident</span>, <span word="you">you</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="call">call</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="police">police</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="wait">wait</span> <span word="until">until</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="arrive">arrive</span>. 应写的内容要点： ①<span word="A">A</span>.<span word="You">You</span> <span word="shoul">shoul</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="dangerous">dangerous</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="bus">bus</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="taxi">taxi</span> <span word="instead">instead</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="foot">foot</span>． <span word="B">B</span>．<span word="Dont">Dont</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="parks">parks</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="dark">dark</span>． ②<span word="A">A</span>．<span word="Try">Try</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="telephone">telephone</span> <span word="numbers">numbers</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="danger">danger</span>． <span word="B">B</span>．<span word="The">The</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="police">police</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="call">call</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="operator">operator</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="phone">phone</span>. 但也有一种复合式听写是要求考生根据录音写出7个单词和三个完整句子，由于句子不算太复杂，也允许考生根据原文听写记录。 掌握听写的正确方法 我们常常看到很多同学在听写单句时这样做：录音中念第一遍时，他记下这句话的头两个词，当念第二遍时，他再添上几个听到的词，待到第三遍时，再添上几笔。结果，整个单句的听写变成了单词听写，而全然不知原试句说的是什么。自然，写出来的句子支离破碎，连他自己也看不明白。这是绝不可取的!做单句听写的正确步骤应当是： ①念第一遍时集中精力仔细听，并立即复述，在复述过程中领会尚未完全理解的句子部分，通过出声复述，让大脑对句子内容加深印象。 ②念第二遍时，立即写下你已基本领会的句子。由于这一遍语速较慢，你仍可采用边听、边复述、边记录的方法。 ③读第三遍时，仔细核对，看是否有遗漏，并及时修正。 以上方法对听写段落或短文也同样适用，只是后两种在第一步时还须增加一点，就是对文中的关键点简单做些笔记，这样有助于我们透过这些信息词来整理记忆，理清头绪。 下面我们着重谈谈<span word="Spot">Spot</span>?<span word="Dictation">Dictation</span>和<span word="Compound">Compound</span> <span word="Dictation">Dictation</span>两种题型的应试方法。我们认为做这类听写重点应放在下列几个方面。 积极预测 听写部分所提供的文字信息往往比所要填入的信息多得多，利用这些已知信息去预测未知信息，可以大大提高填词的针对性，减少盲目性，争取主动。具体来讲，当播放导言时，利用此间快速抢读全篇给出的现有文字，了解文章的大致内容，同时预测空格处所填文字是单词、词组还是句子，并确立其词性和基本意义。 采用四边处理法录音正式开始时，仔细听每个句子，并努力把握全文大意。待播放第二遍时，将注意力集中在空格部分，迅速听记（边听、边复述、边理解、边记录)，遇到生词不必慌张，先记下其首写字母，以帮助稍后联想。 仔细核对，以防疏漏 播放第三遍时，检查核对全文，注意单词拼写是否正确，是否存在语法错误。单词拼写正确与否往往暗示你是否真正听懂。在用自己的话表达句子要点时，应注意语法正确、表达切题。 下面通过实例来说明积极预测的好处。 <span word="On">On</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="old">old</span>-<span word="time">time</span> <span word="farm">farm</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="chickens">chickens</span>，?，<span word="cows">cows</span>，<span word="pigs">pigs</span>，<span word="and">and</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="livestock">livestock</span>，<span word="but">but</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="few">few</span>?.<span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span>?.<span word="farm">farm</span> <span word="family">family</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ahired">ahired</span> <span word="hand">hand</span>，<span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="times">times</span> ?<span word="laborers">laborers</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="needed">needed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="busy">busy</span>?.<span word="Horses">Horses</span>?<span word="about">about</span> 80 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span>? <span word="used">used</span>, <span word="hum">hum</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="labor">labor</span>15 <span word="percent">percent</span>，<span word="and">and</span> <span word="machines">machines</span> <span word="only">only</span> 6 <span word="percent">percent</span>． <span word="Today">Today</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="changed">changed</span>．<span word="Just">Just</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="technology">technology</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="face">face</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="industry">industry</span>，<span word="farms">farms</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="undergone">undergone</span> <span word="an">an</span>．<span word="agricultu">agricultu</span> <span word="ralrevolu">ralrevolu</span>-<span word="tion">tion</span>?.<span word="Modem">Modem</span> <span word="farmers">farmers</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="machanizedhired">machanizedhired</span> <span word="handsand">handsand</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="horses">horses</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="pleasure">pleasure</span>．<span word="Besides">Besides</span> <span word="developing">developing</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="machinery">machinery</span>，<span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="engineers">engineers</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="helped">helped</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="farmers">farmers</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="ways">ways</span>．?．<span word="This">This</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="larger">larger</span> <span word="farms">farms</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="prosperous">prosperous</span> <span word="farmers">farmers</span>．<span word="However">However</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="agricultural">agricultural</span> <span word="revolution">revolution</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="over">over</span>．?. 考生利用导言这段时间，迅速浏览现有文字材料，可以归纳出文章的大致内容：主题：美国农场的今昔。段：美国旧时农场的耕作模式除人力外，主要靠牲口作帮手。段：与段成对比，写经历农业革命后的今日美国农场的巨变机械取代了牲畜，更解放了人，以及由此带来的极大好处。 从文章第一句中<span word="cows">cows</span>，<span word="pigs">pigs</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="livestock">livestock</span>推知肯定是农家畜中的一类。接着由<span word="but">but</span>得到暗示，处所填名词一定与<span word="livestock">livestock</span>相对。处从语法上判断只能是一个作定语的形容词。与相同，从<span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="busy">busy</span>判断只可能是<span word="time">time</span>、<span word="seasons">seasons</span>之类。、两处由该句内容马、人力和机器各不相同的百分比可以推断是讲三者在从事农场劳动方面所提供的力。由第二段前两句可以推断后一句必然是农业革命也改变了农场的根本面貌<span word="On">On</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="farm">farm</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="today">today</span>，<span word="machines">machines</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="power">power</span>，句也可由上文推知下文是写由此而引发出怎样的后果：<span word="As">As</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span>，<span word="the">the</span> <span word="farms">farms</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="today">today</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="aumount">aumount</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="labor">labor</span>。再从<span word="However">However</span>，<span word="the">the</span> <span word="agricultu">agricultu</span> <span word="ral">ral</span> <span word="revolution">revolution</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="over">over</span>可推知下句一定是对美国农民未来的展望：<span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="future">future</span>，<span word="farmers">farmers</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="receive">receive</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="greater">greater</span> <span word="benefits">benefits</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="science">science</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="technology">technology</span>．如此猜测联想之后再听录音，效果当然就大不相同了。</p>
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