英语四六级阅读中的猜词技巧
<p> 在英语学习中，我们自然会遇到许多生词。这时，许多人立即翻阅字典，查找词义。其实，这种做法是不科学的。它不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度。事实上，阅读材 料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。猜测词义时，可利用以下线索： 一. 针对性解释 针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或 词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。 1. 根据定义猜测词义 如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。 例如： <span word="Anthropology">Anthropology</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="man">man</span>. 由定义可知，<span word="anthropology">anthropology</span>就是研究人类的科学。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="slang">slang</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="jam">jam</span> <span word="constitutes">constitutes</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="finds">finds</span> <span word="himself">himself</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="herself">herself</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> <span word="situation">situation</span>. 同样，从上下文的定义可知<span word="jam">jam</span>一词在俚语中的意思是困境。 定义句的谓语动词多为：<span word="be">be</span>, <span word="mean">mean</span>, <span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="with">with</span>, <span word="be">be</span> <span word="considered">considered</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span>, <span word="refer">refer</span> <span word="to">to</span>, <span word="be">be</span> <span word="called">called</span>, <span word="be">be</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="as">as</span>, <span word="define">define</span>, <span word="represent">represent</span>, <span word="signify">signify</span>, <span word="constitute">constitute</span>等。 2. 根据复述猜测词义 虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。 同位语： <span word="Semantics">Semantics</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meaning">meaning</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="speak">speak</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="read">read</span> <span word="intelligently">intelligently</span>. 此例逗号中短语意为对词的意义进行研究的学科。该短语与前面生词<span word="semantics">semantics</span>式同位关系，因此我们不难猜出<span word="semantics">semantics</span>指语义学。 在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等。 <span word="Capacitance">Capacitance</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="store">store</span> <span word="electric">electric</span> <span word="charge">charge</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="characteristics">characteristics</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="electronic">electronic</span> <span word="circuits">circuits</span>. 由同位语我们很快猜出生词<span word="capacitance">capacitance</span>词义--电容量。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有<span word="or">or</span>, <span word="similarly">similarly</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="say">say</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="namely">namely</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="say">say</span>. 等副词或短语出现。 定语从句： <span word="Krabacber">Krabacber</span> <span word="suffers">suffers</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="SAD">SAD</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="short">short</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="seasonal">seasonal</span> <span word="affective">affective</span> <span word="disorder">disorder</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="syndrome">syndrome</span> <span word="characterized">characterized</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="severe">severe</span> <span word="seasonal">seasonal</span> <span word="mood">mood</span> <span word="swings">swings</span>. 根据生词<span word="SAD">SAD</span>后面定语从句<span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="short">short</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="seasonal">seasonal</span> <span word="affective">affective</span> <span word="disorder">disorder</span>和同位 语<span word="a">a</span> <span word="syndrome">syndrome</span> <span word="characterized">characterized</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="severe">severe</span> <span word="seasonal">seasonal</span> <span word="mood">mood</span> <span word="swings">swings</span>, 我们可以推断出<span word="SAD">SAD</span>含义，即季节性情绪紊乱症。 3. 根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索 例如： <span word="The">The</span> <span word="consequences">consequences</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="epochal">epochal</span> <span word="events">events</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="wars">wars</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="discoveries">discoveries</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="confined">confined</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="geographical">geographical</span> <span word="area">area</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span>. 句中战争和重大科学发现是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出<span word="epochal">epochal</span>的 大致词义重要的，这与其确切含义划时代的十分接近。 二. 内在逻辑关系 根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。 1.根据对比关系猜测词义 在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。 例如： <span word="Andrew">Andrew</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="supercilious">supercilious</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="know">know</span>. <span word="His">His</span> <span word="brother">brother</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="humble">humble</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="modest">modest</span>. 该例中<span word="supercilious">supercilious</span>对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语<span word="in">in</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span>，（相对照的，相对比的）可以提示我们<span word="supercilious">supercilious</span>和后面词组<span word="humble">humble</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="modest">modest</span>（谦卑又谦虚）是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出<span word="supercilious">supercilious</span>意为目空一切的，傲慢的。 表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是<span word="unlike">unlike</span>, <span word="not">not</span>, <span word="but">but</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="despite">despite</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="spite">spite</span> <span word="of">of</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span> 和<span word="while">while</span> 引导的并列句等。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="supervisor">supervisor</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="recognize">recognize</span> <span word="instantly">instantly</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="adept">adept</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="unskilled">unskilled</span> <span word="ones">ones</span>. 该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词<span word="adept">adept</span>的词义，熟练的。 2. 根据比较关系猜测词义 同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系： 例如： <span word="Green">Green</span> <span word="loves">loves</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="talk">talk</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="brothers">brothers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="similarly">similarly</span> <span word="loquacious">loquacious</span>. 该句中副词<span word="similarly">similarly</span>表明短语<span word="loves">loves</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="talk">talk</span>与生词<span word="loquacious">loquacious</span>之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出<span word="loquacious">loquacious</span>词义为健谈的。表示比较关系的词和短语主要是<span word="similarly">similarly</span>, <span word="like">like</span>, <span word="just">just</span> <span word="as">as</span>, <span word="also">also</span>等。 3.根据因果关系猜测词义 在句子或段落种，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。 例如： <span word="Tom">Tom</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="considered">considered</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="autocratic">autocratic</span> <span word="administrator">administrator</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="decisions">decisions</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="seeking">seeking</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="opinions">opinions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="others">others</span>. 根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词<span word="autocratic">autocratic</span>指独断专行的。 <span word="There">There</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="demonstrators">demonstrators</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Red">Red</span> <span word="Square">Square</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="elbow">elbow</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="crowd">crowd</span>. 此句为结果状语从句，根据从句的描书许多示威者，我们便可推知<span word="elbow">elbow</span>的词意挤，挤过。 4.根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义 在句子或段落种，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。 例如： <span word="Although">Although</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="opportunity">opportunity</span>, <span word="Mr">Mr</span>. <span word="Tritt">Tritt</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="steal">steal</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="customer">customer</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="endangered">endangered</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="position">position</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bank">bank</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="jeopardize">jeopardize</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="future">future</span>. 作者为避免重复使用<span word="endanger">endanger</span>一词，用其同义词<span word="jeopardize">jeopardize</span>来替代它，由此推知其词义为使......陷入危险，危及、危害。 <span word="Doctors">Doctors</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="smoking">smoking</span> <span word="cigarettes">cigarettes</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="detrimental">detrimental</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="health">health</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="regard">regard</span> <span word="drinking">drinking</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="harmful">harmful</span>. 句中<span word="detrimental">detrimental</span>四个生词，但判断出<span word="harmful">harmful</span>替代<span word="detrimental">detrimental</span>后，不难推断出其词义为不利的，有害的。 三. 外部相关因素 外部相关因素是指篇章以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如： <span word="Husband">Husband</span>: <span word="its">its</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="cold">cold</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="tonight">tonight</span>. <span word="Wife">Wife</span>: <span word="Sure">Sure</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span>. <span word="My">My</span> <span word="hands">hands</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="practically">practically</span> <span word="numb">numb</span>. <span word="How">How</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="lighting">lighting</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="furnace">furnace</span>? ， 根据生活经验，天气寒冷时，手肯定是冻僵的，冻得麻木的。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="snake">snake</span> <span word="slithered">slithered</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="grass">grass</span>. 根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出<span word="slither">slither</span>词义为爬行。 在猜测词义过程中，除了使用上面提到的一些技巧，我们还可以依靠构词方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。 1.根据前缀猜测词义 例如： <span word="He">He</span> <span word="fell">fell</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="ditch">ditch</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="lay">lay</span> <span word="there">there</span>, <span word="semiconscious">semiconscious</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="minutes">minutes</span>.根据词根<span word="conscious">conscious</span>（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀<span word="semi">semi</span>（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出<span word="semiconscious">semiconscious</span>词义半清醒的，半昏迷的。 <span word="Im">Im</span> <span word="illiterate">illiterate</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="things">things</span>.词根<span word="literate">literate</span>意为有文化修养的，通晓的，前缀<span word="il">il</span>表示否定，因此<span word="illiterate">illiterate</span>指一窍不通，不知道的。 2.根据后缀猜测词义 例如：<span word="Insecticide">Insecticide</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="needed">needed</span>.后缀<span word="cide">cide</span>表示杀者，杀灭剂，结合大家熟悉的词根<span word="insect">insect</span>（昆虫），不难猜出<span word="insecticide">insecticide</span>意为杀虫剂。 <span word="Then">Then</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="vapor">vapor</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="droplets">droplets</span>. 后缀<span word="let">let</span>表示小的，词根<span word="drop">drop</span>指滴，滴状物。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出<span word="droplet">droplet</span>词义小滴，微滴。 3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 例如： <span word="Growing">Growing</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="highlighted">highlighted</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="slowdown">slowdown</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="oil">oil</span> <span word="output">output</span>. <span word="Highlight">Highlight</span>或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由<span word="high">high</span>（高的，强的）和<span word="light">light</span>（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是以强光照射，使突出的意思。 <span word="Bullfight">Bullfight</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Spain">Spain</span>. <span word="Bull">Bull</span>（公牛）和<span word="fight">fight</span>（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动--斗牛。 综上所述，利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技巧。在实践中，我们可以灵活运用，综合运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧，排除生词的障碍，顺利理解文章的思想内容，提高阅读速度。</p>
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