大学英语六级考试高分得主经验谈语法
<p> 六级考试的大纲中对语法的知识并没有提出明确的要求，近两年的六级考试也没有单独考试语法结构。但是语法仍然是大多数同学在各个题型上取得高分的主要障碍之一。因为语法已经渗透到各种题型当中去了。听力中有语法、阅读理解中也有语法，改错和词汇中的语法当然更多了。所以，要想在六级考试中取得高分，对语法绝对不能忽视。 在复习的过程中应该将基本的语法知识系统地从头理顺一遍，这看似巨大的工程实际上并不复杂。因为基本的语法知识我们早已在高中时期就已学完，只是可能在大学时期缺乏经常的练习对其有些生疏或遗忘，所以在复习的时候应该找一本附有习题以及解释说明的语法书。内容不必太详尽，起到提纲挈领的作用就可以了。一边看一边复习一边做题。原先就明白的当做是复习、巩固。不清楚的正好可以加深印象。就好像给一台机器重新上油，紧紧螺丝钉，这样才能使机器更好地运转。 由于语法知识详细地说起来非常琐碎，这里仅仅列出几个大的方面，着重讲一些常用的，以及常犯的错误，并没有展开来详尽地讲解每个小点，也无此必要。希望可以起到抛砖引玉的作用。 一、从句 从句分为定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句。其中定语从句又可以分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。在复习从句的时候要注意它们的引导词以及限制条件。 1 、在非限制性定语从句中 <span word="which">which</span> 可以作主 语， <span word="as">as</span> 则一般不用作主语; 2 、在状语从句中用来表示一就的习惯搭配有 <span word="hardly">hardly</span> / <span word="scarely">scarely</span> ...， <span word="no">no</span> <span word="sooner">sooner</span><span word="than">than</span> ; 3 、可以引导原因状语从句的符合连词有 <span word="in">in</span> <span word="that">that</span> ， <span word="now">now</span> <span word="that">that</span> 。 <span word="seeing">seeing</span> <span word="that">that</span> ， <span word="considering">considering</span> <span word="that">that</span> 4 、在名词性从句中应该注意 <span word="whether">whether</span> 和 <span word="if">if</span> 的区别。 <span word="Whether">Whether</span> 引导的从句可以放在句首，而 <span word="if">if</span> 则不行; <span word="if">if</span> 引导的从句可以有否定的形式，而 <span word="whether">whether</span> 从句就不行; <span word="whether">whether</span> 和 <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span> 可以连起来用，但 <span word="if">if</span> 和 0<span word="r">r</span> <span word="not">not</span> 就不能连用， <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span> 必须放在句末。 看一道 例题： <span word="And">And</span> _______<span word="fifty">fifty</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="employed">employed</span> <span word="meant">meant</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="factory">factory</span> <span word="labour">labour</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="farmhand">farmhand</span> ， <span word="the">the</span> <span word="employee">employee</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="today">today</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="increasingly">increasingly</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="middle">middle</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="substantial">substantial</span> <span word="formal">formal</span> <span word="education">education</span> ， <span word="holding">holding</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="professional">professional</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="management">management</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="requiring">requiring</span> <span word="intellectual">intellectual</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="technical">technical</span> <span word="skills">skills</span> . <span word="A">A</span> . <span word="when">when</span> <span word="B">B</span> . <span word="which">which</span> <span word="C">C</span> . <span word="as">as</span> <span word="D">D</span> . <span word="that">that</span> 抛开前面的从句先不看，后面主句的意思是今天雇员越来越多地成为中产阶级，受过扎实的正规教育，担任需要智力和技能的专业工作或管理工作。从句的意思是 50 年前，被雇佣就意味着在工厂或农场里当劳力。显然前后句所表达的并非同一个概念，空格中应该填入表示让步的连词，引导从句。 <span word="when">when</span> 在这里的用法比较特殊，它可以代替 <span word="although">although</span> ，所以正确答案是 <span word="A">A</span> 。又如： <span word="You">You</span> <span word="describe">describe</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="boy">boy</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="stupid">stupid</span> ， <span word="when">when</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="fact">fact</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="smart">smart</span> .你把那个男孩说得很笨，但是实际上他非常聪明。 二、时态 英语中最常见以及常考的时态是一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、现在进行时等八种。这些时态我们几乎在每次使用英语的时候，无论是说话或者是写作，都会遇到，一般用法早已熟记于心了，复习的时候只要留心他们的一些特殊用法，这里以现在完成时和现在 进行时为例。 现在完成时的一些特殊用法： <span word="l">l</span> 、在 <span word="this">this</span> <span word="isthe">isthe</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="that">that</span> 句型中，从句常用完成时态。如： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="her">her</span> . 2 、 <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="t">t</span>0 与 <span word="have">have</span> <span word="gone">gone</span> <span word="to">to</span> 的区别。前者侧重表示经历过，说话人可能已经不在那个地方，或者已经回来了。而后者表示已经去了那里，说话的时候可能还在那里，或者在去那里的路上。 3 、用在时间或条件状语从句中，表示将来某个动作发生之前业已完成的动作，如： <span word="I">I</span><span word="ll">ll</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="film">film</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="finished">finished</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="homework">homework</span> .我一做完作业就去看电影。其中做完作业的动作在看电影动作之前完成。 4 、 <span word="when">when</span> 引起的疑问句中一般不用现在完成时，因为询问者关心的是事情发生的具体时间现在 进行时除了表示正在进行的动作之外，还主要有以下的用法： <span word="l">l</span> 、与频度副词如 <span word="always">always</span> ， <span word="continually">continually</span> ， <span word="constantly">constantly</span> 。 <span word="forever">forever</span> 等状语连用，表示经常发生的，具有持续性动作的事情，或者表示不满，或者心中抱怨。如： <span word="She">She</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="thinking">thinking</span> 0<span word="f">f</span> <span word="others">others</span> .她总是替别人着想。 2 、与 <span word="hope">hope</span> 、 <span word="wonder">wonder</span> 、 <span word="want">want</span> 等词连用，表示婉转的口气，例如： <span word="I">I</span><span word="m">m</span> <span word="wondering">wondering</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="lend">lend</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="money">money</span> . 3 、另外还因该注意到，表示心理状态、情感、感觉、所有关系及特征等状态的动词一般不用进行时，如： <span word="smell">smell</span> ， <span word="taste">taste</span> ， <span word="sound">sound</span> ， <span word="notice">notice</span> ， <span word="hate">hate</span> ， <span word="like">like</span> ， <span word="love">love</span> ， <span word="believe">believe</span> ， <span word="understand">understand</span> ， <span word="Want">Want</span> ， <span word="seem">seem</span> ， <span word="appear">appear</span> ， <span word="contain">contain</span> ， <span word="see">see</span> ， <span word="hear">hear</span> ， <span word="agree">agree</span> ， <span word="belong">belong</span> 等。 看一道 相关的例题： <span word="The">The</span> <span word="company">company</span> _______<span word="a">a</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="salary">salary</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="ages">ages</span> 。 <span word="but">but</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="happened">happened</span> <span word="yet">yet</span> . <span word="A">A</span> . <span word="is">is</span> <span word="promised">promised</span> <span word="B">B</span> . <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="promising">promising</span> <span word="C">C</span> . <span word="is">is</span> <span word="promising">promising</span> <span word="D">D</span> . <span word="promised">promised</span> 这个句子的意思是说公司长期以来一直答应增加工资，但依然毫无结果。句子中有时间状语 <span word="for">for</span> <span word="ages">ages</span> 。它常与现在完成时连用，这种时态强调动作的持续性，表示现在以前的这一段时间里一直在做而且现在仍然在进行的一个动作。另外， <span word="but">but</span> 以后的从句也表示了现在完成时，说明和现在有关。正确答案应该是 <span word="B">B</span> ，可以和现在完成进行时连用的表示一段时间的状语还有 <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="year">year</span> ， <span word="these">these</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="weeks">weeks</span> . <span word="since">since</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="morning">morning</span> ， <span word="since">since</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span> ， <span word="for">for</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="hours">hours</span> 等。把它们与进行时用在一起表示动作正在和一直在延续进行。 三、不定式 动词不定式是非谓语动词的重要组成部分，在六级考试中非谓语动词部分是一个重点。常跟不定式的动词有 <span word="agree">agree</span>, <span word="fail">fail</span> ， <span word="promise">promise</span> ， <span word="afford">afford</span> ， <span word="ask">ask</span> ， <span word="happen">happen</span> ， <span word="resolve">resolve</span> ， <span word="attempt">attempt</span> . <span word="hesitate">hesitate</span>, <span word="seek">seek</span>, <span word="long">long</span> ， <span word="threaten">threaten</span> ， <span word="claim">claim</span> ， <span word="manage">manage</span> ， <span word="trouble">trouble</span> ,<span word="consent">consent</span>, <span word="neglect">neglect</span>, <span word="try">try</span> ， <span word="decide">decide</span> ， <span word="offer">offer</span> ， <span word="undertake">undertake</span> ， <span word="demand">demand</span> ， <span word="plan">plan</span> . <span word="volunteer">volunteer</span> ， <span word="determine">determine</span> ， <span word="prepare">prepare</span> ， <span word="want">want</span> ， <span word="pretend">pretend</span> ， <span word="wish">wish</span> ， <span word="endeavor">endeavor</span> ， <span word="proceed">proceed</span> ， <span word="struggle">struggle</span> 等，在了解了加 <span word="to">to</span> 的单词之后，我们来看一看在什么情况下单词 <span word="to">to</span> 可以被省略。 <span word="l">l</span> 、在一般助动词或者情态动词之后 <span word="to">to</span> 可以被省略。 2 、在动词 <span word="make">make</span> ， <span word="let">let</span> ， <span word="watch">watch</span> ， <span word="see">see</span> 之后作宾语的时候， <span word="to">to</span> 可以被省略。 3 、在 <span word="why">why</span> 和 <span word="why">why</span> <span word="not">not</span> 之后 <span word="to">to</span> 可以被省略，如： <span word="Why">Why</span> <span word="spend">spend</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="time">time</span>? 为什么花这么多时问 ? 和 <span word="Why">Why</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="right">right</span> <span word="now">now</span>? 为什么 不 现在去呢 ? 4 、在 <span word="had">had</span> <span word="better">better</span> ， <span word="had">had</span> <span word="best">best</span> ， <span word="would">would</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> ， <span word="had">had</span> <span word="sooner">sooner</span>, <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="but">but</span> ， <span word="do">do</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="but">but</span> 等结构后面 <span word="to">to</span> 可以被省略。 下面 看一道 有关不定式的例题： <span word="We">We</span> <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span> <span word="imagine">imagine</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="desert">desert</span> <span word="island">island</span> _______<span word="a">a</span> <span word="sort">sort</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="paradise">paradise</span> ， <span word="where">where</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sun">sun</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="shines">shines</span> . <span word="A">A</span> . <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="B">B</span> . <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="C">C</span> . <span word="having">having</span> <span word="D">D</span> . <span word="being">being</span> 整个句子的意思是，我们有时候把荒岛想象成天堂，那里终日阳光普照。 <span word="imagine">imagine</span> 后面常跟 <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span>+ 形容词 结构，根据这个知识点，正确答案为 <span word="B">B</span> 。 可以跟这种结构的动词还有 <span word="think">think</span> ， <span word="consider">consider</span> ， <span word="believe">believe</span> ， <span word="find">find</span> ， <span word="feel">feel</span> ， <span word="know">know</span> ， <span word="declare">declare</span> ， <span word="guess">guess</span> ， <span word="prove">prove</span> ， <span word="suppose">suppose</span> 等。这个结构中的 <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> 常可以省略，如： <span word="They">They</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="guilty">guilty</span> .他们发现他有罪。 四、主谓一致 在英语中，最重要的一致关系就是主谓一致了，一般来说单数主语用单数动词，复数主语用复数动词。但是主语有时候并不仅仅是简单的单数或者复数。比如说集合名词就既能当单数主语又可以作复数主语。另外如不定代词、不定式，以及从句等都能作主语，它们的单复数就不那么容易划分了，这样使用单复数动词的相应具体规则也比较多，但是这些规则基本上都离不开三个大的原则。 1 、语法一致。如： <span word="the">the</span> <span word="boy">boy</span> <span word="plays">plays</span> 和 <span word="the">the</span> <span word="boys">boys</span> <span word="play">play</span> 完全符合语法上一致的原则，也可以说是基本原则。 2 、意义一致，或者是概念一致。动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念，而不是一味由表面的语法标记决定的。如集合名词 <span word="team">team</span> 本身就有复数的意思，表示整个球队的队员们，如： <span word="The">The</span> <span word="basketball">basketball</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="warming">warming</span> <span word="up">up</span> .篮球队队员们正在做热身运动。 3 、邻近词一致的原则，也可以说是近邻原则。即动词的数要与它紧挨着的名词，或者代词的数一致。如： <span word="Mike">Mike</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brightest">brightest</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="graduated">graduated</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Harvard">Harvard</span> <span word="University">University</span> ，在这个句子里，最靠近从句中的先行词的是 <span word="students">students</span> ，而不是 <span word="one">one</span> ，所以句子中的动词采用复数形式。实际上，一般用 <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span>+ 复数名词时，后面的 <span word="who">who</span> 引出的定语从句都是修饰复数名词，但如用 <span word="the">the</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span>+ 复数名词时， <span word="who">who</span> 引出的定语从句中的动词则应用单数形式，因为该从句修饰的是 <span word="one">one</span> . 关于主谓一致的问题，另外还有几点需要注意： <span word="l">l</span> 、当中心词为度量、距离、价格等复数名词的时候，谓语动词则采用单数形式。如： <span word="Two">Two</span> <span word="miles">miles</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="short">short</span> <span word="distance">distance</span> . 2 、在如 <span word="many">many</span> <span word="a">a</span>+ 单数名词; <span word="each">each</span><span word="and">and</span> <span word="each">each</span> 组后面，谓语动词仍然用单数形式。如： <span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="student">student</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="mistake">mistake</span> . 3 、当主语后面跟由 <span word="with">with</span> ， <span word="together">together</span> <span word="with">with</span> ， <span word="but">but</span> ， <span word="along">along</span> <span word="with">with</span> ， <span word="like">like</span> . <span word="in">in</span> <span word="addition">addition</span> <span word="to">to</span> ， <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> ， <span word="as">as</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="as">as</span> ， <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> ， <span word="except">except</span> 等连接的词组时，其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数形式而定。如： <span word="Statistics">Statistics</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="physics">physics</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="causes">causes</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="headaches">headaches</span> .在这里，谓语 <span word="cause">cause</span> 的形式就要依据主语 <span word="statistics">statistics</span> ，而不用考虑 <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> 后面加的另外一个名词。学科的名词都要用单数谓语动词，所以应该是 <span word="causes">causes</span>. 相关例题： <span word="Every">Every</span> <span word="policeman">policeman</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fireman">fireman</span> _______<span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="alert">alert</span> . <span word="A">A</span> . <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="B">B</span> . <span word="was">was</span> <span word="C">C</span> . <span word="are">are</span> <span word="D">D</span> . <span word="were">were</span> 这道题目的知识点正是上文中提到过的第二点，在 <span word="each">each</span><span word="and">and</span> <span word="each">each</span> ， <span word="every">every</span><span word="and">and</span> <span word="every">every</span> ， <span word="no">no</span><span word="and">and</span> <span word="no">no</span> 之后的谓语动词应该采取单数的形式，所以正确答案应该是 <span word="B">B</span> ，每一个警察和火警人员都保持警戒状态。 五、情态动词 这些无人称和数的变化的动词也是经常考查的内容，对于它们的掌握除了一般用法以外，一些特殊的用法一定要牢记。 <span word="l">l</span> 、 <span word="might">might</span> 不是 <span word="may">may</span> 的过去式而是表示一种很小的可能性。 <span word="might">might</span> 如果用完成式则表示过去发生的很小的可能性。如： <span word="You">You</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="that">that</span> . 2 、作为情态动词 <span word="need">need</span> 和 <span word="dare">dare</span> 除在 <span word="whether">whether</span> 和 <span word="if">if</span> 引出的从句中以外，一般不能用于肯定句，只能用于否定句和疑问句，并且不采用助动词 <span word="do">do</span> ，但是作为实义动词 则需要 <span word="do">do</span>, 试比较 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="doesn">doesn</span><span word="t">t</span> <span word="need">need</span> / <span word="dare">dare</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="it">it</span> . <span word="He">He</span> <span word="needn">needn</span><span word="t">t</span> / <span word="dare">dare</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="it">it</span> . 3 、 <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> 表示过去习惯的动作或者状态，即现在已经不存在了， <span word="be">be</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> 则表示习惯于某种状态。 4 、 <span word="might">might</span> 和 <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> 连用表示建议，口气比同样表示建议的 <span word="had">had</span> <span word="better">better</span> 要婉转一些，两种用法后面都要跟动词原型。 5 、 <span word="ought">ought</span> <span word="to">to</span> ， <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> ， <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> / <span word="must">must</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> ， <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> ，，用来表示论断、逻辑推理等。如： <span word="He">He</span> <span word="ought">ought</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="here">here</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="now">now</span> .再如： <span word="Mary">Mary</span> <span word="isnt">isnt</span> <span word="here">here</span> <span word="now">now</span> . <span word="left">left</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="door">door</span>? <span word="A">A</span> . <span word="Must">Must</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="B">B</span> . <span word="Might">Might</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="C">C</span> . <span word="Had">Had</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="D">D</span> . <span word="Should">Should</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="have">have</span> 根据以上所讲的第一点， <span word="B">B</span> 选项表示过去发生的很小的可能性，前半句说玛丽不在这里了，后半句理应对于她去了哪里作一个推测，由于不确定，用的是问号，所以正确答案是 <span word="B">B</span> 。 对于如被动语态、倒装和虚拟语气，这里主要讲解一下它们的一些特殊用法， 最 常规的用法相信大家都已烂熟于心了。下面先说说倒装。 六、倒装 在有些情况下，句子中的谓语处于主语之前，这种情况被称作主谓倒装。倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装两种。在全部倒装的句子里，整个谓语都放在主语之前，如： <span word="in">in</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="beautiful">beautiful</span> <span word="girl">girl</span> 。部分倒装句则只是谓语中的一部分放在主语前面，其他的则仍放在主语之后。下面几点讲的是不需要倒装的情况： <span word="l">l</span> 、感叹句中的主谓不需要倒装，仅将 <span word="what">what</span> 或者 <span word="how">how</span> 在句子中构成的宾语、表语或者状语部分提到前面。如： <span word="What">What</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="cute">cute</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> ! 2 、 当引导 从句的疑问词和关联词位于从句的开头时，句子中的主谓不需要倒装。如： <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="spoke">spoke</span> <span word="of">of</span> . 在倒装结构中，当一些具有否定意义的词放在句首时句子为部分倒装，这些词有 <span word="not">not</span> <span word="until">until</span> ， <span word="little">little</span> ， <span word="hardly">hardly</span> ， <span word="never">never</span> ， <span word="rarely">rarely</span> ， <span word="scarcely">scarcely</span> ， <span word="only">only</span> ， <span word="seldom">seldom</span> 等，短语有 <span word="in">in</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="way">way</span> 。 <span word="at">at</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="time">time</span> ,<span word="in">in</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="case">case</span> ， <span word="at">at</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="point">point</span> ， <span word="hardly">hardly</span> / <span word="rarely">rarely</span> / <span word="scarcely">scarcely</span> ， <span word="when">when</span><span word="no">no</span> <span word="sooner">sooner</span><span word="than">than</span> 等，如： <span word="Little">Little</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="experience">experience</span> <span word="before">before</span> ，在句子中部分倒装，仅将助动词 <span word="did">did</span> 提前就可以了。 某些以 <span word="here">here</span> ， <span word="there">there</span> ， <span word="now">now</span> ， <span word="then">then</span> 等词开头的句子，谓语动词为 <span word="be">be</span> ， <span word="stand">stand</span> ， <span word="lie">lie</span> ， <span word="come">come</span> ， <span word="go">go</span> ， <span word="fall">fall</span> 等的一般现在时或一般过去时时，句子为全部倒装，如： <span word="Here">Here</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bus">bus</span> .再如： <span word="The">The</span> <span word="business">business</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="day">day</span> ， _______ ， <span word="went">went</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="smoothly">smoothly</span> . <span word="A">A</span> . <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="selling">selling</span> <span word="goods">goods</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="shipping">shipping</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="B">B</span> . <span word="was">was</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="selling">selling</span> <span word="goods">goods</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="shipping">shipping</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="it">it</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="selling">selling</span> <span word="goods">goods</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="shipping">shipping</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="D">D</span> . <span word="be">be</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="selling">selling</span> <span word="goods">goods</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="shipping">shipping</span> <span word="them">them</span> 整个句子的意思是，日常工作，不管是销售货物还是运输货物，都进行得很顺利。观察句子，即使去掉空格部分，仍然可以构成一个完整的句子。空格部分应该填入从句而不是一个句子， <span word="A">A</span> 、 <span word="B">B</span> 选项为完整的句子，显然不符合语法。 <span word="C">C</span> 、 <span word="D">D</span> 两项可以看成是 <span word="be">be</span> 引导的让步状语从句，这样的从句需要倒装。所以正确答案为 <span word="D">D</span> 。 除了 <span word="be">be</span> 引导的让步状语从句需要倒装之外， <span word="as">as</span> 引导的让步状语从句必须倒装。 <span word="though">though</span> 引导的让步状语从句则可以倒装也可以是正常语序。 <span word="although">although</span> 和 <span word="even">even</span> <span word="though">though</span> 引导的让步状语从句则不能倒装。 七、虚拟语气 在虚拟语气中，除了记住一套与时态相对应的规范用法之外，以下几点也是不容忽视的： <span word="l">l</span> 、名词性从句中要用过去时或 <span word="should">should</span>+ 动词原型构成虚拟语气。如： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="home">home</span> . 2 、 <span word="would">would</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> ， <span word="had">had</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> 后的从句动词用相当于陈述语气的过去时来表示现在或将来发生的动作。如： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="her">her</span> .我 宁愿你 跟她走。只有当 <span word="would">would</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> 后面动作的主体与前面主语一致时才可以用不带 <span word="to">to</span> 的动词不定式，如： <span word="I">I</span><span word="d">d</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="letter">letter</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="me">me</span> .在这个句子中， <span word="rather">rather</span> 后面的主语为 <span word="I">I</span> ，和前面的主语一致，所以用的不是过去式，而是不带 <span word="to">to</span> 的动词不定式。 3 、在 <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="important">important</span> / <span word="suggested">suggested</span> / <span word="necessary">necessary</span> / <span word="proposed">proposed</span> 等结构后的主语从句中要用虚拟语气表示应该做什么事情，即用动词原形或 <span word="should">should</span>+ 动词原型，如： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="yoube">yoube</span> <span word="here">here</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="time">time</span> .再如： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="utmost">utmost</span> <span word="importance">importance</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="you">you</span> _______<span word="here">here</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="time">time</span> . <span word="A">A</span> . <span word="be">be</span> <span word="B">B</span> . <span word="shall">shall</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="C">C</span> . <span word="are">are</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="D">D</span> . <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> 这个知识点是上文中的第三点，显然答案是 <span word="A">A</span> ，其中的 <span word="should">should</span> 被省略了。类似的可以引起主语从句为虚拟语气的形容词或过去分词还有 <span word="appropriate">appropriate</span>, <span word="advisable">advisable</span> ， <span word="better">better</span> ， <span word="imperative">imperative</span> ， <span word="insistent">insistent</span>, <span word="natural">natural</span> ， <span word="preferable">preferable</span>, <span word="strange">strange</span>, <span word="urgent">urgent</span>, <span word="vital">vital</span>, <span word="desirable">desirable</span> ， <span word="demanded">demanded</span> ， <span word="recommended">recommended</span>, <span word="required">required</span> 等。 4 、词组 <span word="but">but</span> <span word="for">for</span> 相当于 <span word="were">were</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="for">for</span> 或 <span word="had">had</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="for">for</span>, 表示一种含否定意义的条件，后面一般加名词或名词短语，如： <span word="He">He</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="killed">killed</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="arrival">arrival</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="police">police</span> .要不是警察来了他本可能被杀死。 5 、在某些表示祝愿的句子里需要用虚拟语气，如： <span word="May">May</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="happy">happy</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="life">life</span>! 八、被动语态 被动语态是大家十分熟悉的一种语法现象，由 <span word="be">be</span>+ <span word="ved">ved</span> 分词构成。有时候用介词短语 <span word="by">by</span> 表明执行者。关于被动语态应注意的几个方面： 1 、不及物动词 <span word="seat">seat</span> 的用法。例： <span word="When">When</span> <span word="I">I</span>______, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="play">play</span> <span word="started">started</span>. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="was">was</span> <span word="seated">seated</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="seated">seated</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="was">was</span> <span word="seating">seating</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="was">was</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="seated">seated</span> 在这道题里，不及物动词 <span word="seat">seat</span> 的用法十分特殊，当表示坐下、就座、坐着的意思时，只能用 <span word="be">be</span>+<span word="ed">ed</span> 结构，这里它看似被动语态，实际上并不表示被动，而是一个形容词化了的动词。所以正确答案是 <span word="A">A</span> 。 2 、没有被动语态的及物动词。例： <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="bought">bought</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span> ________<span word="me">me</span> <span word="twenty">twenty</span> <span word="dollars">dollars</span>. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="is">is</span> <span word="costed">costed</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="costing">costing</span> <span word="C">C</span> . <span word="costs">costs</span> <span word="D">D</span> . <span word="was">was</span> <span word="costed">costed</span> 这里的正确答案为 <span word="C">C</span> ，因为有些及物动词并没有被动语态。所以当这些词表示动作 或状态时不能用被动语态而需要使用主动语态。这些词还有： <span word="beg">beg</span> ， <span word="contain">contain</span> ， <span word="become">become</span> ， <span word="cost">cost</span> ， <span word="equal">equal</span>, <span word="fail">fail</span> ， <span word="fit">fit</span> ， <span word="have">have</span> ， <span word="hold">hold</span> ， <span word="lack">lack</span> ， <span word="possess">possess</span> ， <span word="resemble">resemble</span> 等。此外，还有一些及物动词短语如 <span word="result">result</span> <span word="from">from</span> ， <span word="belong">belong</span> <span word="to">to</span> 和 <span word="consist">consist</span> <span word="of">of</span> 等，也没有被动语态。</p>
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