大学英语四六级考试基础语法辅导—时态
<p> 1. 现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别</p><p> 1) 现在完成时：</p><p> ① 构成：<span word="have">have</span> / <span word="has">has</span> +过去分词</p><p> ② 语法意义及要点：</p><p> <span word="A">A</span>. 现在完成时表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时间的状语连用。如<span word="so">so</span> <span word="far">far</span>, <span word="up">up</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="now">now</span>, <span word="since">since</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="time">time</span>等。</p><p> --<span word="He">He</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="worked">worked</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="years">years</span>.</p><p> --<span word="Up">Up</span> <span word="till">till</span> <span word="now">now</span>, <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="gone">gone</span> <span word="wrong">wrong</span>.</p><p> <span word="B">B</span>. 现在完成时表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如<span word="yet">yet</span>, <span word="just">just</span>, <span word="before">before</span>, <span word="recently">recently</span>等;也同表示频度时间状语连用，如<span word="often">often</span>, <span word="ever">ever</span>, <span word="never">never</span>, <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span>, <span word="several">several</span> <span word="times">times</span>等;还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如<span word="now">now</span>, <span word="today">today</span>, <span word="this">this</span> <span word="morning">morning</span>等。但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用。</p><p> --<span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="learned">learned</span> <span word="Japanese">Japanese</span> <span word="before">before</span>.</p><p> --<span word="We">We</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="busy">busy</span> <span word="lately">lately</span> .</p><p> <span word="C">C</span>. 在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。</p><p> --<span word="Well">Well</span> <span word="start">start</span> <span word="at">at</span> 5 <span word="oclock">oclock</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="stopped">stopped</span> <span word="raining">raining</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="then">then</span>.</p><p> --<span word="I">I</span> <span word="shall">shall</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="finished">finished</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="homework">homework</span>.</p><p> <span word="Note">Note</span>: 行为不能持续的瞬间动词, 如<span word="arrive">arrive</span>, <span word="begin">begin</span>, <span word="come">come</span>, <span word="go">go</span>, <span word="start">start</span>, <span word="leave">leave</span>, <span word="die">die</span>, <span word="join">join</span>等通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。</p>
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