六级综合改错题型的回顾与分析
<p> 改错题题型反映了综合型考试由客观题型主导向主观题型主导的必然转换。众所周知,选择题的运气成分约为25%,判断题的运气成分约占50%,而主观题是没有多少运气成分的,除非考生考前正好复习了这个题或准备了这个作文。这种情况的概率不会超过考生人数的5%。改错题是语言运用能力的集中表现,往往不会被押题人命中。该题型既考查词汇、语法、语义,也考查学生的逻辑判断能力。为了提高考生的判别效率,该题明示了每个错误出现的地方,这样在十多个单词中考生比较容易找出错误。近几年的大学英语六级考试的改错范围包括:换一个正确或适当词,增加一个适当词,删去一个多余词。换词时先划掉句中的错误词,再把正确词填在句子后的留空处。加词时考生在应添加处用符号表明,并将应添加的词列于句子后的留空处。该句子如有多余词要把它删去,答题方式是先在原句中划掉多余词,再把删字符写在句子后的留空处。经过对近几年的改错题的研究和分析,笔者得出以下结论性看法。 一、有错必究,眼疾手快 与其他类型考试不同,<span word="CET">CET</span>-6考试规定要求作答的那一句话肯定有一个错误,不像高考可能有错也可能无 错、可能改错也可能没错可改,也不可能在一句话中让考生改几处错误。既然如此,考生就应带着批评的态度审视每一个词。如果考生发现所有词全都合适,那么再去从逻辑判断方面审视句子前后的关系,看一看前后句子应该是什么关系,如转折、因果、让步等,最后确定这些关系词是否使用正确。牢记一点,考生在交卷前,留下任何一个空白,都可能留下遗憾。 二、语言结构错误占很大比例 任何语法精、语感好的考生在规定时间的二分之一的时间内会找出一大半错误,并且能快速修改。通常一半左右的错误是比较明显的,其中最突出的结构问题有以下几种: 1.单复数概念。这是最简单、最基本的语法规则,但是由于它本身的特殊用法较多,加之考生的词汇量、语义场的水平差异大,不可能人人都能完全答对。 例1:<span word="This">This</span> <span word="dream">dream</span>...<span word="was">was</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="piece">piece</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="place">place</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="build">build</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="house">house</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="ones">ones</span> <span word="family">family</span>... 此句中的<span word="a">a</span> <span word="piece">piece</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="place">place</span>应改为<span word="a">a</span> <span word="place">place</span>,或者直接将<span word="place">place</span>改为<span word="land">land</span>。因为<span word="place">place</span>在此为可数名词,通常在<span word="land">land</span> 前才加<span word="a">a</span> <span word="piece">piece</span> <span word="of">of</span>。 例2:<span word="Can">Can</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="bold">bold</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="suggest">suggest</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="colonize">colonize</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="planet">planet</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="not">not</span>-<span word="too">too</span>-<span word="distant">distant</span> <span word="future">future</span>? 人类探索其他星体,不只一个、两个,除了移民月球外,也许还有水星、木星等。故应将<span word="other">other</span> 后的可数名词变成复数形式,而<span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span>后的可数名词则不为复数形式。 2.主谓一致。主谓一致也是初、中级英语的基本知识范畴。然而由于英语中的集体名词、不定代词、指示代词、主谓倒装等特殊变量的存在,给语言学习者带来许多不好把握的地方。 例1:...<span word="but">but</span> <span word="behind">behind</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="lies">lies</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="myths">myths</span>... 该句是一个例装句。谓语动词的形式与<span word="myths">myths</span>看齐,而非与介宾<span word="it">it</span>一致。故应把<span word="lies">lies</span>改为<span word="lie">lie</span>。 例2:...<span word="perhaps">perhaps</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="seven">seven</span> <span word="deaths">deaths</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Europes">Europes</span> <span word="crowded">crowded</span> <span word="cities">cities</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="caused">caused</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="disease">disease</span>. 该句的主语是<span word="one">one</span>,而非<span word="crowded">crowded</span> <span word="cities">cities</span>,故谓语动词应改为<span word="was">was</span>。此句的难点在于介词短语又多又长,容易干扰答题者的语法观念。 3.时态的前后一致。时态的前后一致,应属于初级英语学习者掌握的语法概念。然而有些段落时空交叉频繁和复合句中的分句特殊规则,也可能表示真理性的过去等,这些会给时态观念薄弱的考生造成障碍。 例1:<span word="These">These</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="households">households</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="portraits">portraits</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="independence">independence</span>:<span word="the">the</span> <span word="entire">entire</span> <span word="family">family</span>,<span word="mother">mother</span>,<span word="father">father</span>,<span word="children">children</span>,<span word="even">even</span> <span word="grandparents">grandparents</span>-<span word="live">live</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="house">house</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="together">together</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="other">other</span>. 此句总体上讲述的是这些小家庭是独立的掠影。而后半句解释到这些小家庭里的成员生活在一起,工作在一起的情景,应该用一般现在时,故将<span word="working">working</span> 改为<span word="work">work</span>,和<span word="live">live</span>保持一致。 4.介词的灵活搭配和固定搭配。小小介词变化无穷。它的使用没有百分之百的规则,只有具备语篇中的灵活性,而这种灵活性又具有相当的固定性和规范性。 例1:<span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="scale">scale</span>. 此句中有两个<span word="is">is</span>,说明其中一个是误用。根据文章上下文意思它们在规模大小方面的不同之处倒是人们应该研究的新动向,我们可以把第二个<span word="is">is</span>改成<span word="in">in</span>。 例2:<span word="Then">Then</span>,<span word="about">about</span> <span word="ten">ten</span> <span word="thousand">thousand</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="immensely">immensely</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="formative">formative</span> <span word="period">period</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="hunting">hunting</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="food">food</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="farmers">farmers</span>. <span word="when">when</span>表示当时,<span word="after">after</span>表示之后。本句中<span word="ten">ten</span> <span word="thousand">thousand</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span> 指距今一万多年前,是在长期的原始狩猎时期之后,故应把<span word="when">when</span>改为介词<span word="after">after</span>。 三、语义前后不顺,缺乏逻辑性 有些考题乍一看没有任何问题,这时考生就不妨抛开语法问题,重点审查该句与上一句或下一句的逻辑关系。 1.用词不当。这种错误使语言含糊不清,让读者如坠云雾中。 例1:<span word="Anyone">Anyone</span> <span word="understood">understood</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="death">death</span> <span word="importance">importance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="family">family</span> <span word="cooperation">cooperation</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="work">work</span>. 此句中的<span word="anyone">anyone</span>不太符合上下文语义场的要求,在肯定某一事实时,用<span word="everyone">everyone</span>取代<span word="anyone">anyone</span>。 例2:...<span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="generations">generations</span> <span word="late">late</span>, <span word="sends">sends</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="flooding">flooding</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="again">again</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="suburbs">suburbs</span>. 该句中的<span word="late">late</span>不符合上下文意思,因为<span word="late">late</span>仅表示迟到而没有以后的意思,要想表达几代之后就应该用<span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="generations">generations</span> <span word="later">later</span>。<span word="later">later</span>有以后,最近的意思。 2.语义逻辑合理、前后意义连贯。有各别考题是考查学生的逻辑推断能力。人们说话或写文章一般应思路明确、顺畅,不能前后矛盾、颠三例四。 例1:<span word="Under">Under</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="pressure">pressure</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="whole">whole</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="life">life</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="bodies">bodies</span>, <span word="became">became</span> <span word="radically">radically</span> <span word="changed">changed</span>. 该句中的<span word="if">if</span>是误用,<span word="even">even</span> <span word="if">if</span> 后边只有<span word="their">their</span> <span word="bodies">bodies</span>是半句话,即使他们的身体只有把<span word="if">if</span>删除,<span word="even">even</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="bodies">bodies</span>就连他们的身体这样才可以与前边的短语构成复合主语表示他们的生活方式和身体状态都得以发生巨变。 例2:<span word="When">When</span> <span word="U">U</span>.<span word="S">S</span>. <span word="soldiers">soldiers</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="World">World</span> <span word="War">War</span> <span word="II">II</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="dreamed">dreamed</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="buying">buying</span> <span word="houses">houses</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="starting">starting</span> <span word="families">families</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="tremendous">tremendous</span> <span word="boom">boom</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="building">building</span>. 此句前后应该是递进关系,但是原文却用了<span word="but">but</span>,使整个复合句成了转折关系,也使读者无法理解其意。故应该把<span word="But">But</span>改成<span word="And">And</span>。 改错是一项全面复杂的语言应用过程,这种校正能力需要考生具有扎实的语言基础知识、全面的语?看语言结构,二看篇章关系。</p>
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