研英翻译重难点详解：否定句(1)
<p> 英汉两种语言在表达否定的方式和手段上有很大差别。比如说，英语中否定句的否定范围具有不同的情况。因此，英语中的很多否定句都是有歧义的。在阅读时只能通过上下文来得出正确的结论，排除歧义。此外，英语中否定句的重心也是阅读中应当注意的问题。一般说来，从语法上来看，<span word="not">not</span>与谓语动词连用时，是否定谓语动词的;<span word="no">no</span>与名词连用时，是否定名词的。但是，从否定的重心来看，却并非如此。举个简单例子：<span word="Dont">Dont</span> <span word="give">give</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span>.这句话就只能理解为：不要因为困难就放弃。另外，还需要注意的是，不定代词中的<span word="every">every</span>、<span word="all">all</span>、<span word="both">both</span>以及副词<span word="quite">quite</span>、<span word="always">always</span>等，与否定词结合时，不是全部否定，而是部分否定，即，不是全不是，而是不全是。以上所说的都是在阅读否定句时应当注意的问题，希望大家通过以下的例句仔细揣摩，认真体会。</p><p> 1. <span word="Certainly">Certainly</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="dont">dont</span> <span word="teach">teach</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="teaching">teaching</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="easy">easy</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="me">me</span>. <span word="Nor">Nor</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="teach">teach</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="answers">answers</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="feel">feel</span> <span word="compelled">compelled</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="share">share</span>.</p><p> 分析：这句话主要涉及的是否定的范围问题。如果把<span word="because">because</span>从句排除在否定范围之外，其意思为：因为我觉得教书容易，所以没有教书(= <span word="because">because</span> <span word="teaching">teaching</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="easy">easy</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="me">me</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="dont">dont</span> <span word="teach">teach</span>如果把<span word="because">because</span>从句包括在否定范围之内，则为：我之所以教书，并不是因为我觉得教书容易(=<span word="I">I</span> <span word="teach">teach</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="isnt">isnt</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="teaching">teaching</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="easy">easy</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="me">me</span>)。虽然这两句话的上下文表明，后一种理解更加符合逻辑，但是在实际的使用过程中，<span word="notbecause">notbecause</span>这一结构也有可能出现将<span word="because">because</span>从句排除在否定范围之外的情况。所以由此不难看出，<span word="because">because</span>与否定词连用时，根据上下文的不同常常有两种含义。但是在具体的句子中，一般只有一种是符合逻辑的。</p>
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