第1797期阅读理解附答案
<p> <span word="For">For</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="past">past</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="widely">widely</span> <span word="accepted">accepted</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="babies">babies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="creatures">creatures</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="acts">acts</span> <span word="lead">lead</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="rewards">rewards</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="doubt">doubt</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="true">true</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="widely">widely</span> <span word="believed">believed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="effective">effective</span> <span word="rewards">rewards</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="stages">stages</span>, <span word="had">had</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="directly">directly</span> <span word="related">related</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="basic">basic</span> <span word="physiological">physiological</span> <span word="drives">drives</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="thirst">thirst</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="hunger">hunger</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="baby">baby</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="drink">drink</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="sort">sort</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="comfort">comfort</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="otherwise">otherwise</span>.</p><p> <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="so">so</span>. <span word="Babies">Babies</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="behave">behave</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="results">results</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="reward">reward</span> <span word="except">except</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="successful">successful</span> <span word="outcome">outcome</span>.</p><p> <span word="Papousek">Papousek</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="using">using</span> <span word="milk">milk</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="normal">normal</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reward">reward</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="babies">babies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="teach">teach</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="carry">carry</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="movements">movements</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="turning">turning</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="head">head</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="side">side</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span>. <span word="Then">Then</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="noticed">noticed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="baby">baby</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="drink">drink</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="refuse">refuse</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="milk">milk</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="learned">learned</span> <span word="response">response</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="signs">signs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pleasure">pleasure</span>. <span word="So">So</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="childrens">childrens</span> <span word="responses">responses</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="situations">situations</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="milk">milk</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="provided">provided</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="quickly">quickly</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="months">months</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="heads">heads</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="right">right</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="movement">movement</span> <span word="switched">switched</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="display">display</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="lightsand">lightsand</span> <span word="indeed">indeed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="capable">capable</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="complex">complex</span> <span word="turns">turns</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bring">bring</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="result">result</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="instance">instance</span>, <span word="two">two</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="right">right</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="many">many</span>.<span word="as">as</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="turns">turns</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="side">side</span>.</p><p> <span word="Papouseks">Papouseks</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="display">display</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="placed">placed</span> <span word="directly">directly</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="front">front</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="babies">babies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="interesting">interesting</span> <span word="observation">observation</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="watch">watch</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lights">lights</span> <span word="closely">closely</span> <span word="although">although</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="would">would</span><span word="smile">smile</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="bubble">bubble</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="display">display</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="on">on</span>. <span word="Papousek">Papousek</span> <span word="concluded">concluded</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="primarily">primarily</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sight">sight</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lights">lights</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="pleased">pleased</span> <span word="them">them</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="success">success</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="achieving">achieving</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="solving">solving</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="problem">problem</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="mastering">mastering</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="skill">skill</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="exists">exists</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fundamental">fundamental</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="urge">urge</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="bring">bring</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="intentional">intentional</span> <span word="control">control</span>.</p>
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