Chemistry and Biology 阅读练习与解析
<p> <span word="Chemistry">Chemistry</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Biology">Biology</span></p><p> <span word="About">About</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Swedish">Swedish</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="scientist">scientist</span> <span word="Arrhenius">Arrhenius</span> <span word="proposed">proposed</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="low">low</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="classical">classical</span> <span word="chemistry">chemistry</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="relates">relates</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="reaction">reaction</span> <span word="rate">rate</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="temperature">temperature</span>. <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="equation">equation</span>, <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="reactions">reactions</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="increasingly">increasingly</span> <span word="unlikely">unlikely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="occur">occur</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="temperature">temperature</span> <span word="approaches">approaches</span> <span word="absolute">absolute</span> <span word="zero">zero</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="absolute">absolute</span> <span word="zero">zero</span>, <span word="reactions">reactions</span> <span word="stop">stop</span>. <span word="However">However</span>, <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="reveals">reveals</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="although">although</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Arrhenius">Arrhenius</span> <span word="equation">equation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="generally">generally</span> <span word="accurate">accurate</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="describing">describing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="reaction">reaction</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="occurs">occurs</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="relatively">relatively</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="temperature">temperature</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="temperatures">temperatures</span> <span word="closer">closer</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="zero">zero</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="quantum">quantum</span>-<span word="mechanical">mechanical</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="tunneling">tunneling</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="play">play</span>; <span word="this">this</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="accounts">accounts</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="reactions">reactions</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="forbidden">forbidden</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="principles">principles</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="classical">classical</span> <span word="chemistry">chemistry</span>. <span word="Specifically">Specifically</span>, <span word="entire">entire</span> <span word="molecules">molecules</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="tunnel">tunnel</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="barriers">barriers</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="repulsive">repulsive</span> <span word="forces">forces</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="molecules">molecules</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="chemically">chemically</span> <span word="react">react</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="though">though</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="molecules">molecules</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="sufficient">sufficient</span> <span word="energy">energy</span>, <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="classical">classical</span> <span word="chemistry">chemistry</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="overcome">overcome</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="repulsive">repulsive</span> <span word="barrier">barrier</span>.</p><p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="rate">rate</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="reaction">reaction</span>, <span word="regardless">regardless</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="temperature">temperature</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="takes">takes</span> <span word="place">place</span>, <span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="depends">depends</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="characteristic">characteristic</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="activation">activation</span> <span word="energy">energy</span>. <span word="Any">Any</span> <span word="molecule">molecule</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="imagined">imagined</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reside">reside</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bottom">bottom</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="so">so</span>-<span word="called">called</span> <span word="potential">potential</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="energy">energy</span>. <span word="S">S</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="reaction">reaction</span> <span word="corresponds">corresponds</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="transition">transition</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="molecule">molecule</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bottom">bottom</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="potential">potential</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bottom">bottom</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="another">another</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="classical">classical</span> <span word="chemistry">chemistry</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="transition">transition</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="accomplished">accomplished</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="potential">potential</span> <span word="barrier">barrier</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="well">well</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="height">height</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="remain">remain</span> <span word="constant">constant</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="activation">activation</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reaction">reaction</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="tunneling">tunneling</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reacting">reacting</span> <span word="molecules">molecules</span> <span word="tunnel">tunnel</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bottom">bottom</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bottom">bottom</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="having">having</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="barrier">barrier</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="wells">wells</span>. <span word="Recently">Recently</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="concept">concept</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="tunneling">tunneling</span> <span word="temperature">temperature</span>: <span word="the">the</span> <span word="temperature">temperature</span> <span word="below">below</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="tunneling">tunneling</span> <span word="transitions">transitions</span> <span word="greatly">greatly</span> <span word="outnumber">outnumber</span> <span word="Arrhenius">Arrhenius</span> <span word="transitions">transitions</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="classical">classical</span> <span word="mechanics">mechanics</span> <span word="gives">gives</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="quantum">quantum</span> <span word="counterpart">counterpart</span>.</p>
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