The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experi 阅读练习与讲义
<p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Relationship">Relationship</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="Brain">Brain</span> <span word="Process">Process</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Mental">Mental</span> <span word="Experience">Experience</span></p><p> <span word="By">By</span> 1950, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="results">results</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="attempts">attempts</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="relate">relate</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="processes">processes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="mental">mental</span> <span word="experience">experience</span> <span word="appeared">appeared</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="discouraging">discouraging</span>. <span word="Such">Such</span> <span word="variations">variations</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="size">size</span>, <span word="shape">shape</span>, <span word="chemistry">chemistry</span>, <span word="conduction">conduction</span> <span word="speed">speed</span>, <span word="excitation">excitation</span> <span word="threshold">threshold</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="demonstrated">demonstrated</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="nerve">nerve</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="remained">remained</span> <span word="negligible">negligible</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="significance">significance</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="correlation">correlation</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="manifold">manifold</span> <span word="dimensions">dimensions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mental">mental</span> <span word="experience">experience</span>.</p><p> <span word="Near">Near</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="century">century</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="suggested">suggested</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Hering">Hering</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="modes">modes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sensation">sensation</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="pain">pain</span>, <span word="taste">taste</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="color">color</span>, <span word="might">might</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="correlated">correlated</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="discharge">discharge</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="specific">specific</span> <span word="kinds">kinds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="nervous">nervous</span> <span word="energy">energy</span>, <span word="However">However</span>, <span word="subsequently">subsequently</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="methods">methods</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="recording">recording</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="analyzing">analyzing</span> <span word="nerve">nerve</span> <span word="potentials">potentials</span> <span word="failed">failed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reveal">reveal</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="qualitative">qualitative</span> <span word="diversity">diversity</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="demonstrate">demonstrate</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="methods">methods</span> <span word="refined">refined</span> <span word="structural">structural</span> <span word="differences">differences</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="neuron">neuron</span> <span word="types">types</span>; <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="proof">proof</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="lacking">lacking</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="quality">quality</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="impulse">impulse</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="conduction">conduction</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="influenced">influenced</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="differences">differences</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="seemed">seemed</span> <span word="instead">instead</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="developmental">developmental</span> <span word="patterning">patterning</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="neural">neural</span> <span word="circuits">circuits</span>. <span word="Although">Although</span> <span word="qualitative">qualitative</span> <span word="variance">variance</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="nerve">nerve</span> <span word="rigidly">rigidly</span> <span word="disproved">disproved</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="doctrine">doctrine</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="generally">generally</span> <span word="abandoned">abandoned</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="favor">favor</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="opposing">opposing</span> <span word="view">view</span>, <span word="namely">namely</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="nerve">nerve</span> <span word="impulses">impulses</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="essentially">essentially</span> <span word="homogeneous">homogeneous</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="quality">quality</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="transmitted">transmitted</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="currency">currency</span> <span word="throughout">throughout</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nervous">nervous</span> <span word="system">system</span>. <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="theory">theory</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="quality">quality</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sensory">sensory</span> <span word="nerve">nerve</span> <span word="impulses">impulses</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="determines">determines</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="diverse">diverse</span> <span word="conscious">conscious</span> <span word="sensations">sensations</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="produce">produce</span>, <span word="but">but</span>, <span word="rather">rather</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="areas">areas</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="discharge">discharge</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="view">view</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span>, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="electric">electric</span> <span word="stimulus">stimulus</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="sensory">sensory</span> <span word="field">field</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cerebral">cerebral</span> <span word="cortex">cortex</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="conscious">conscious</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="subject">subject</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="produced">produced</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sensation">sensation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="appropriate">appropriate</span> <span word="modality">modality</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="particular">particular</span> <span word="locus">locus</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="visual">visual</span> <span word="sensation">sensation</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="visual">visual</span> <span word="cortex">cortex</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="auditory">auditory</span> <span word="sensation">sensation</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="auditory">auditory</span> <span word="cortex">cortex</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="on">on</span>. <span word="Other">Other</span> <span word="experiments">experiments</span> <span word="revealed">revealed</span> <span word="slight">slight</span> <span word="variations">variations</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="size">size</span>, <span word="number">number</span>, <span word="arrangement">arrangement</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="interconnection">interconnection</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nerve">nerve</span> <span word="cells">cells</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="psychoneural">psychoneural</span> <span word="correlations">correlations</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="concerned">concerned</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="obvious">obvious</span> <span word="similarities">similarities</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="sensory">sensory</span> <span word="fields">fields</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="seemed">seemed</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="remarkable">remarkable</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="minute">minute</span> <span word="differences">differences</span>.</p>
页:
[1]