英语六级考试标准阅读55
<p> <span word="Culture">Culture</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="total">total</span> <span word="sum">sum</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="traditions">traditions</span>, <span word="customs">customs</span>, <span word="beliefs">beliefs</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="og">og</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="beings">beings</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="sense">sense</span>, <span word="every">every</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="culture">culture</span>, <span word="however">however</span> <span word="savage">savage</span>, <span word="undeveloped">undeveloped</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="uncivilized">uncivilized</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="us">us</span>.</p><p> <span word="To">To</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="professional">professional</span> <span word="anthropologist">anthropologist</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="intrinsic">intrinsic</span> <span word="superiority">superiority</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="culture">culture</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="another">another</span>, <span word="just">just</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="professional">professional</span> <span word="linguist">linguist</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="intrinsic">intrinsic</span> <span word="hierarchy">hierarchy</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="languages">languages</span>.</p><p> <span word="People">People</span> <span word="once">once</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="languages">languages</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="backward">backward</span> <span word="groups">groups</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="savage">savage</span>, <span word="undeveloped">undeveloped</span> <span word="forms">forms</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="speech">speech</span>, <span word="consisting">consisting</span> <span word="largely">largely</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="grunts">grunts</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="groans">groans</span>. <span word="While">While</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="series">series</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="grunts">grunts</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="groans">groans</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fact">fact</span> <span word="established">established</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="backward">backward</span> <span word="languages">languages</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="spoken">spoken</span> <span word="tongue">tongue</span> <span word="answers">answers</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="description">description</span> <span word="today">today</span>. <span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="languages">languages</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="uncivilized">uncivilized</span> <span word="groups">groups</span> <span word="are">are</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="severe">severe</span> <span word="standards">standards</span>, <span word="extremely">extremely</span> <span word="complex">complex</span>, <span word="delicate">delicate</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="ingenious">ingenious</span> <span word="pieces">pieces</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="machinery">machinery</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="transfer">transfer</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ideas">ideas</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="fall">fall</span> <span word="behind">behind</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="Western">Western</span> <span word="languages">languages</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="sound">sound</span> <span word="patterns">patterns</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="grammatical">grammatical</span> <span word="structures">structures</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="fully">fully</span> <span word="adequate">adequate</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="needs">needs</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="vocabularies">vocabularies</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="reflects">reflects</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="objects">objects</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="activities">activities</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="speakers">speakers</span>. <span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="department">department</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="two">two</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="noted">noted</span>: 1. <span word="All">All</span> <span word="languages">languages</span> <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="possess">possess</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="machinery">machinery</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="vocabulary">vocabulary</span> <span word="expansion">expansion</span>, <span word="either">either</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="putting">putting</span> <span word="together">together</span> <span word="words">words</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="existence">existence</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="borrowing">borrowing</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="languages">languages</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="adapting">adapting</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="system">system</span>. 2. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="objects">objects</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="activities">activities</span> <span word="requiring">requiring</span> <span word="names">names</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="distinctions">distinctions</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="backward">backward</span> <span word="languages">languages</span>, <span word="while">while</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="ours">ours</span>, <span word="are">are</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="surprisingly">surprisingly</span> <span word="numerous">numerous</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="complicated">complicated</span>. <span word="An">An</span> <span word="accidental">accidental</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="distinguishes">distinguishes</span> <span word="merely">merely</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="degrees">degrees</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="remoteness">remoteness</span> ; <span word="some">some</span> <span word="languages">languages</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="Indians">Indians</span> <span word="distinguish">distinguish</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="speaker">speaker</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="addressed">addressed</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="removed">removed</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="both">both</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sight">sight</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="future">future</span>.</p>
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