2013年六级阅读孤独会对你的健康不利的原因
<p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="loneliness">loneliness</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="bad">bad</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="health">health</span>孤独会对你的健康不利的原因 <span word="SCIENCE">SCIENCE</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="uses">uses</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="doesnt">doesnt</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="handy">handy</span> <span word="pick">pick</span>-<span word="up">up</span> <span word="lines">lines</span>. <span word="Recent">Recent</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="thegenetics">thegenetics</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="disease">disease</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="suggest">suggest</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="opening">opening</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="conversation">conversation</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="solitaryattractive">solitaryattractive</span> <span word="stranger">stranger</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bar">bar</span>: <span word="loneliness">loneliness</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="ill">ill</span>. 科学有很多用处，但是它通常不会给你顺口的搭讪理由。然而，近来对疾病遗传学的研究却给了我们一个在酒吧里跟某个孤单的吸引你的陌生人搭讪的理由：孤独会让你生病。 <span word="Lonely">Lonely</span> <span word="people">people</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="seems">seems</span>, <span word="are">are</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="greater">greater</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="gregarious">gregarious</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="developing">developing</span> <span word="illnesses">illnesses</span> <span word="associated">associated</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="chronic">chronic</span> <span word="inflammation">inflammation</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="heart">heart</span> <span word="disease">disease</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="cancers">cancers</span>. <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="paper">paper</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Public">Public</span> <span word="Library">Library</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Science">Science</span>, <span word="Medicine">Medicine</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="mortality">mortality</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="loneliness">loneliness</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="comparable">comparable</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="smoking">smoking</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="drinking">drinking</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="examined">examined</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="combined">combined</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="results">results</span> <span word="of">of</span>, 148 <span word="previous">previous</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="followed">followed</span> <span word="some">some</span> 300,000 <span word="individuals">individuals</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="average">average</span> <span word="period">period</span> <span word="of">of</span> 7.5 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="each">each</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="controlled">controlled</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="factors">factors</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="age">age</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="pre">pre</span>-<span word="existing">existing</span> <span word="illness">illness</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="concluded">concluded</span> <span word="that">that</span>, <span word="over">over</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="period">period</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="gregarious">gregarious</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> 50% <span word="better">better</span> <span word="chance">chance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="surviving">surviving</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lonely">lonely</span> <span word="one">one</span>. 孤独的人跟爱交际的人相比，似乎患跟慢性炎症相关的疾病如心脏病和某些癌症的风险更大。据去年发表在《科学公共图书馆医学》杂志上的一篇论文称，孤独对死亡率的影响跟抽烟和酗酒相当。文章仔细检查了148个先前的研究，并综合其结果，还控制了诸如年龄和已患疾病此类因素，最后下结论：超过这样一段时间，一个爱交际的人比一个孤独的人的生存率高50%。 <span word="Steven">Steven</span> <span word="Cole">Cole</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="California">California</span>, <span word="Los">Los</span> <span word="Angeles">Angeles</span>, <span word="thinks">thinks</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="so">so</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="AAAS">AAAS</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Washington">Washington</span>, <span word="DC">DC</span>, <span word="about">about</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="studying">studying</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="expression">expression</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="lonely">lonely</span> <span word="people">people</span>. <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Cole">Cole</span> <span word="harvested">harvested</span> <span word="samples">samples</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="white">white</span> <span word="blood">blood</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="lonely">lonely</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="gregariouspeople">gregariouspeople</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="analysed">analysed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="activity">activity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="genes">genes</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="measured">measured</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="production">production</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="asubstance">asubstance</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="messenger">messenger</span> <span word="RNA">RNA</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="molecule">molecule</span> <span word="carries">carries</span> <span word="instructions">instructions</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="telling">telling</span> <span word="acell">acell</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="proteins">proteins</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="level">level</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="messenger">messenger</span> <span word="RNA">RNA</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="types">types</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="people">people</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="dozen">dozen</span> <span word="genes">genes</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="active">active</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lonely">lonely</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="dozen">dozen</span> <span word="others">others</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="active">active</span>. <span word="Moreover">Moreover</span>, <span word="both">both</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="active">active</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="active">active</span> <span word="gene">gene</span> <span word="types">types</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="functional">functional</span> <span word="groups">groups</span>. 加州大学洛杉矶分校的<span word="Steven">Steven</span> <span word="Cole">Cole</span>认为他可能知道这是为什么。他在华盛顿特区举办的美国科学促进会大会上展示了他对孤独的人的基因表达所做的研究。<span word="Cole">Cole</span>博士收集了孤独之人和爱交际之人的白细胞样品。然后他分析了他们基因的活性靠测量信使<span word="RNA">RNA</span>的多少。这种分子携带着基因上的指令，告诉细胞合成那类蛋白质。在这两种人中，大多数基因的信使<span word="RNA">RNA</span>的水平是一样的。然而有些基因在孤独之人中活力较弱，同时另外一些基因却活力较高。而且，无论是活力较高的基因还是活力较低的基因都来自少数功能群。 <span word="Broadly">Broadly</span> <span word="speaking">speaking</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="active">active</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lonely">lonely</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="involved">involved</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="staving">staving</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="viralinfections">viralinfections</span>. <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="active">active</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="involved">involved</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="protecting">protecting</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="bacteria">bacteria</span>. <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Cole">Cole</span> <span word="suspects">suspects</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lonely">lonely</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="iller">iller</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="how">how</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="evolutionaryterms">evolutionaryterms</span>, <span word="this">this</span> <span word="odd">odd</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="affairs">affairs</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="about">about</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="inflammation">inflammation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="antibacterial">antibacterial</span> <span word="response">response</span>. 一般来说，孤独的人体内活力较低的基因是那些帮助人们避开病毒感染的基因。而那些活力较高的基因帮助人们抵抗细菌。<span word="Cole">Cole</span>博士怀疑这不但能够解释为什么孤独之人容易得病，而且能从进化的角度这种奇怪的状态时怎么进化来的。因为炎症反应时抵抗细菌的反应。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="crucial">crucial</span> <span word="bit">bit</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="puzzle">puzzle</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="viruses">viruses</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="caught">caught</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="infected">infected</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="species">species</span>-<span word="specific">specific</span>. <span word="Bacteria">Bacteria</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span>, <span word="often">often</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="lurk">lurk</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="theenvironment">theenvironment</span> , <span word="and">and</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="thrive">thrive</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="hosts">hosts</span> . <span word="The">The</span> <span word="gregarious">gregarious</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="therefore">therefore</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="greater">greater</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lonely">lonely</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="catching">catching</span> <span word="viruses">viruses</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Cole">Cole</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="past">past</span> <span word="evolution">evolution</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mechanism">mechanism</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="causes">causes</span> <span word="white">white</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="respond">respond</span> <span word="appropriately">appropriately</span>. <span word="Conversely">Conversely</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lonely">lonely</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="ramping">ramping</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="protection">protection</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="bacterial">bacterial</span> <span word="infection">infection</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bigger">bigger</span> <span word="relative">relative</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="them">them</span>. 这个问题的关键点是，病毒必须从另外一个已经感染此病毒的身上感染另一个人，并且病毒通常有其一对一的特殊宿主。细菌却相反，它们潜伏在周围环境中，并且宿主众多。因而爱交际的人比孤独之人更易感染病毒。因此<span word="Cole">Cole</span>博士认为进化过程创造出了一种机制，可以让白细胞对这一状况进行反应。相反，孤独之人更善于加强他们对细菌感染的保护反应，这对他们来说是一个相对更大的风险。 <span word="What">What</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Cole">Cole</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="revealed">revealed</span>, <span word="then">then</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mechanism">mechanism</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="environment">environment</span> <span word="reaches">reaches</span> <span word="inside">inside</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="persons">persons</span> <span word="body">body</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="tweaks">tweaks</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="genome">genome</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="responds">responds</span> <span word="appropriately">appropriately</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lonely">lonely</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="gregarious">gregarious</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="genetically">genetically</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="other">other</span>. <span word="Rather">Rather</span>, <span word="their">their</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="regulated">regulated</span> <span word="differently">differently</span>, <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="sociable">sociable</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="is">is</span>. <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Cole">Cole</span> <span word="thinks">thinks</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="regulation">regulation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wider">wider</span> <span word="mechanism">mechanism</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="tunes">tunes</span> <span word="individuals">individuals</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="circumstances">circumstances</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span> <span word="in">in</span>. <span word="Where">Where</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="goes">goes</span> <span word="wrong">wrong</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="loneliness">loneliness</span> <span word="becomeschronic">becomeschronic</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="inflammatory">inflammatory</span> <span word="response">response</span> <span word="becomes">becomes</span> <span word="chronic">chronic</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="time">time</span>. <span word="Cole">Cole</span>博士想要揭示的是这样一种机制：环境可以影响人们体内的生化活动，调整人体内的基因组以让其做出合适的反应。并不是说孤独之人和爱交际之人在基因上彼此不同。而是他们根据个人对交际喜爱的程度不同，各自以不同的方式调控各自的基因。<span word="Cole">Cole</span>博士认为这种调节是一种更广泛的让个人适应他们所在环境的机制中的一部分。当孤独的生活状态变成一种常态，问题就出现了炎症反应同时也变成常态了。 <span word="Before">Before</span> <span word="civilisation">civilisation</span> <span word="intervened">intervened</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="chronic">chronic</span> <span word="loneliness">loneliness</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="rare">rare</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="evolution">evolution</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="ignored">ignored</span> <span word="it">it</span>. <span word="Now">Now</span>,<span word="paradoxically">paradoxically</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="population">population</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="civilisation">civilisation</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="loneliness">loneliness</span> <span word="iscommonplaceand">iscommonplaceand</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="consequences">consequences</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="natural">natural</span> <span word="selection">selection</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="blind">blind</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="future">future</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="yet">yet</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="with">with</span>. 在文明到来之前，这种常态性的孤独非常罕见，进化就把它忽略了。现在，自相矛盾地，文明使得人口众多成为可能，意味着孤独状态成为常事在这种情况下看不清未来的自然选择的后果还来不及去应付。 </p>
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