2013年六级阅读练习读起来费劲记起来就容易
<p> <span word="Science">Science</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Technology">Technology</span> <span word="Education">Education</span> <span word="Learning">Learning</span> <span word="difficulties">difficulties</span>科技 教育 学习的难处 <span word="Making">Making</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="read">read</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="remembered">remembered</span>读起来费劲记起来就容易 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="PARADOX">PARADOX</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="education">education</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="presenting">presenting</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="looks">looks</span> <span word="easy">easy</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="opposite">opposite</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>. 关于教学有个看似矛盾之处：用一种看起来简单的方式呈现信息通常会适得其反。 <span word="Numerous">Numerous</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="demonstrated">demonstrated</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="forced">forced</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="shown">shown</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="remember">remember</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="better">better</span>, <span word="so">so</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="worth">worth</span> <span word="looking">looking</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="done">done</span>. 大量研究已表明，如果能迫使人们费一番力气去考虑他所看到的东西，那么他记忆的效果就会更好。所以，有哪些方法能让人们去费这个力气值得关注。 <span word="And">And</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="piece">piece</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Cognition">Cognition</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Daniel">Daniel</span> <span word="Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</span>, <span word="apsychologist">apsychologist</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Princeton">Princeton</span> <span word="University">University</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="colleagues">colleagues</span>, <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="one">one</span>: <span word="make">make</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="text">text</span> <span word="conveying">conveying</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="harder">harder</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="read">read</span>. 由普林斯顿大学心理学家，丹尼尔 奥本海默及其同事们共同完成的一项研究结果即将发表在《认知》杂志上，提出了一种很简单的方法：让传达信息的文本读起来更费劲一些。 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</span> <span word="recruited">recruited</span> 28 <span word="volunteers">volunteers</span> <span word="aged">aged</span> <span word="between">between</span> 18 <span word="and">and</span> 40 <span word="and">and</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="learn">learn</span>, <span word="from">from</span> <span word="written">written</span> <span word="descriptions">descriptions</span>, <span word="about">about</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="extraterrestrial">extraterrestrial</span> <span word="alien">alien</span>, <span word="each">each</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="seven">seven</span> <span word="features">features</span>. 奥本海默博士招募了28名年龄在18到40岁的志愿者，要求他们从书面文本的描述中学习关于三种外星生物的知识，其中每种生物又包含了七种特征。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="task">task</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="meant">meant</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="animal">animal</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="biology">biology</span> <span word="lesson">lesson</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="aliens">aliens</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="place">place</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="actual">actual</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="participants">participants</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="draw">draw</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="priorknowledge">priorknowledge</span>. 这项任务旨在模拟生物课上学习动物种类的过程，它之所以用外星生物代替实际物种，是为了确保测试者不会凭借其原有的知识进行记忆。 <span word="Half">Half</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="volunteers">volunteers</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="presented">presented</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span>-<span word="to">to</span>-<span word="read">read</span> <span word="fonts">fonts</span> . 半数志愿者读的信息是难看的字体。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="half">half</span> <span word="saw">saw</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="in">in</span> 16-<span word="point">point</span> <span word="Arial">Arial</span> <span word="pure">pure</span>-<span word="black">black</span> <span word="font">font</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="shown">shown</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="easiest">easiest</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="read">read</span>. 另外半数读的则是16磅大小、<span word="Arial">Arial</span>纯黑字体。 <span word="Participants">Participants</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="given">given</span> 90 <span word="seconds">seconds</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="memorise">memorise</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lists">lists</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="distracted">distracted</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="unrelated">unrelated</span> <span word="tasks">tasks</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="quarter">quarter</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="hour">hour</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="so">so</span>, <span word="before">before</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="questions">questions</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="aliens">aliens</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="What">What</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="diet">diet</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Pangerish">Pangerish</span>?所有测试者有90秒时间记住清单上的信息，然后进行大约15分钟不相关的测试以分散他们的注意力，最后才提问他们关于外星生物的问题，例如潘格里氏主要吃什么?<span word="and">and</span> <span word="What">What</span> <span word="colour">colour</span> <span word="eyes">eyes</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Norgletti">Norgletti</span> <span word="have">have</span>? <span word="The">The</span> <span word="upshot">upshot</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="reading">reading</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Arial">Arial</span> <span word="font">font</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="answers">answers</span> <span word="right">right</span> 72.8% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="average">average</span>. <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="forced">forced</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="read">read</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> <span word="fonts">fonts</span> <span word="answered">answered</span> <span word="correctly">correctly</span> 86.5% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="time">time</span>. ，诺格莱蒂的眼睛是什么颜色?等等。结果，读<span word="Arial">Arial</span>字体的测试者平均有72.8%的正确率，而那些不得不费劲读难看字体的测试者正确率则达到86.5%。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="was">was</span>, <span word="would">would</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="translate">translate</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="controlled">controlled</span> <span word="circumstances">circumstances</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="laboratory">laboratory</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="unruly">unruly</span> <span word="environment">environment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="classroom">classroom</span>? 问题来了，在实验室控制环境下得出的结果能否也适用于教室这种难以人为控制的环境呢? <span word="It">It</span> <span word="did">did</span>. <span word="When">When</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="teachers">teachers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="technique">technique</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="high">high</span>-<span word="school">school</span> <span word="lessons">lessons</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="chemistry">chemistry</span>, <span word="physics">physics</span>, <span word="English">English</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="history">history</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="results">results</span>. 答案是肯定的。研究人员让教师们将这种方式应用到高中的化学、物理、英语和历史等课堂上，得到了类似的结果。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="lesson">lesson</span>, <span word="then">then</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="text">text</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="harder">harder</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="read">read</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="easier">easier</span>. 那么结论就是，应该把书本印得难读一点，不要让它看着那么舒服。 </p>
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