英语六级考试备考阅读美文(十一)
<p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="History">History</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Chemistry">Chemistry</span></p><p> <span word="Chemistry">Chemistry</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="emerge">emerge</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="science">science</span> <span word="until">until</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="revolution">revolution</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="seventeenth">seventeenth</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="slowly">slowly</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="laboriously">laboriously</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="knowdedge">knowdedge</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="history">history</span>, <span word="being">being</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="entirely">entirely</span> <span word="concerned">concerned</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="practical">practical</span> <span word="arts">arts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="living">living</span>. <span word="Cooking">Cooking</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="essentially">essentially</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="process">process</span>; <span word="so">so</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="melting">melting</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="metals">metals</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="administration">administration</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="drugs">drugs</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="poisons">poisons</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="basic">basic</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="cases">cases</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rule">rule</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thumb">thumb</span>, <span word="was">was</span> <span word="nevertheless">nevertheless</span> <span word="dependent">dependent</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="previous">previous</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="served">served</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="stimulate">stimulate</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fundamental">fundamental</span> <span word="curiosity">curiosity</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="processes">processes</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span>. <span word="New">New</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="gained">gained</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="artisans">artisans</span> <span word="improved">improved</span> <span word="techniques">techniques</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="gain">gain</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="results">results</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="development">development</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="approach">approach</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="chemistry">chemistry</span> <span word="was">was</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="hampered">hampered</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="factors">factors</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="vast">vast</span> <span word="range">range</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="material">material</span> <span word="available">available</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="consequent">consequent</span> <span word="difficulty">difficulty</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="organizing">organizing</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="system">system</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="addition">addition</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="intellectual">intellectual</span> <span word="difficulites">difficulites</span>, <span word="chemistry">chemistry</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="practical">practical</span>; <span word="those">those</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="practice">practice</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="hands">hands</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="practical">practical</span> <span word="flair">flair</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="ancient">ancient</span> <span word="civilizations">civilizations</span>, <span word="practical">practical</span> <span word="tasks">tasks</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="primarily">primarily</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="province">province</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="slave">slave</span> <span word="population">population</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="thinker">thinker</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="philosopher">philosopher</span> <span word="stood">stood</span> <span word="apart">apart</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="mundane">mundane</span> <span word="world">world</span>, <span word="where">where</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="practical">practical</span> <span word="arts">arts</span> <span word="appeared">appeared</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="lack">lack</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="intellectual">intellectual</span> <span word="content">content</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="interest">interest</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="final">final</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="science">science</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="element">element</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="secrecy">secrecy</span>. <span word="Experts">Experts</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="specific">specific</span> <span word="trades">trades</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="techniques">techniques</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="guarded">guarded</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="prevent">prevent</span> <span word="others">others</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="stealing">stealing</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="livelihood">livelihood</span>. <span word="Another">Another</span> <span word="factor">factor</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="contributed">contributed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="secrecy">secrecy</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="esoteric">esoteric</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="alchemists">alchemists</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="trying">trying</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="transform">transform</span> <span word="base">base</span> <span word="metals">metals</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="gold">gold</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="concerned">concerned</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hunt">hunt</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="elixir">elixir</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="bestow">bestow</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="blessing">blessing</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="eternal">eternal</span> <span word="life">life</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="sense">sense</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="impediment">impediment</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="records">records</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="processes">processes</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="alchemists">alchemists</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="written">written</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="symbolic">symbolic</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="intelligible">intelligible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="symbols">symbols</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="purposely">purposely</span> <span word="obscure">obscure</span>.</p>
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