六级考试阅读备考课堂笔记(5)
<p> 3. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="is">is</span> ____. <span word="A">A</span>) <span word="one">one</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="impossible">impossible</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="occur">occur</span> <span word="B">B</span>) <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="causes">causes</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="C">C</span>) <span word="one">one</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="occur">occur</span> <span word="D">D</span>) <span word="none">none</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span> 4. <span word="Your">Your</span> <span word="refrigerator">refrigerator</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="electric">electric</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="off">off</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="failure">failure</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> ____. <span word="A">A</span>) <span word="necessary">necessary</span> <span word="cause">cause</span><span word="B">B</span>) <span word="sufficient">sufficient</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="C">C</span>) <span word="contributory">contributory</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="D">D</span>) <span word="none">none</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span> 5. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="passage">passage</span> <span word="mainly">mainly</span> <span word="discusses">discusses</span> ____. <span word="A">A</span>) <span word="causal">causal</span> <span word="reasoning">reasoning</span> <span word="B">B</span>) <span word="classification">classification</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="C">C</span>) <span word="various">various</span> <span word="types">types</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reasoning">reasoning</span> <span word="D">D</span>) <span word="the">the</span> <span word="causal">causal</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="Questions">Questions</span> 1 <span word="to">to</span> 5 <span word="are">are</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="passage">passage</span>. <span word="Another">Another</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="type">type</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reasoning">reasoning</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="search">search</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="causes">causes</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="results">results</span>. <span word="We">We</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="cigarettes">cigarettes</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="lung">lung</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span>, <span word="what">what</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="malnutrition">malnutrition</span>（营养不良）, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="decay">decay</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cities">cities</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="decay">decay</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="teeth">teeth</span>. <span word="We">We</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="equally">equally</span> <span word="interested">interested</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="effects">effects</span>: <span word="what">what</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sulphur">sulphur</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="lead">lead</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="atmosphere">atmosphere</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="oil">oil</span> <span word="spills">spills</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="raw">raw</span> <span word="sewage">sewage</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="relate">relate</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reasoning">reasoning</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="called">called</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="short">short</span>, <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="extensive">extensive</span> <span word="chain">chain</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="causal">causal</span> <span word="relations">relations</span>. <span word="When">When</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lights">lights</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="causal">causal</span> <span word="chain">chain</span>: <span word="lights">lights</span> <span word="out">out</span>-<span word="power">power</span> <span word="off">off</span>-<span word="refrigerator">refrigerator</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="working">working</span> -<span word="temperature">temperature</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="rise">rise</span>-<span word="milk">milk</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="sour">sour</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="diagnose">diagnose</span> （判定）<span word="a">a</span> <span word="succession">succession</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="failure">failure</span>, <span word="each">each</span> <span word="becoming">becoming</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="next">next</span>. 注：1.<span word="causal">causal</span> 原因的，因果关系的 2.三种推理方式：从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另一个结果，第三种更重要 3.<span word="extensive">extensive</span> 广泛的，来自<span word="extend">extend</span>延伸 <span word="extensive">extensive</span> <span word="reading">reading</span> 泛读 4.<span word="In">In</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span> 换而言之 <span word="a">a</span> <span word="succession">succession</span> <span word="of">of</span> 一系列 5.本段讲关系链 <span word="Causes">Causes</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="classified">classified</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span>, <span word="sufficient">sufficient</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="contributory">contributory</span>（起辅助作用的）. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="present">present</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="occur">occur</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="combustion">combustion</span> ，<span word="is">is</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="drive">drive</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="gasoline">gasoline</span> <span word="engine">engine</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="sufficient">sufficient</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="unaided">unaided</span> , <span word="though">though</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="sufficient">sufficient</span> <span word="cause">cause</span>: <span word="a">a</span> <span word="dead">dead</span> <span word="battery">battery</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="car">car</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="starting">starting</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="faulty">faulty</span> <span word="spark">spark</span> <span word="plugs">plugs</span>（火花塞）<span word="or">or</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="empty">empty</span> <span word="gas">gas</span> <span word="tank">tank</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="contributory">contributory</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="helps">helps</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="itself">itself</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="running">running</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="red">red</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="accident">accident</span>, <span word="though">though</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="factors">factors</span> --- <span word="pedestrians">pedestrians</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="cars">cars</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="intersection">intersection</span>-<span word="must">must</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="present">present</span>. 注：<span word="intersection">intersection</span> 交叉路口 <span word="inter">inter</span>+<span word="section">section</span> <span word="In">In</span> <span word="establishing">establishing</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="refuting">refuting</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="causal">causal</span> <span word="relation">relation</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="alleged">alleged</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="produces">produces</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>. <span word="Such">Such</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="explanation">explanation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="causal">causal</span> <span word="process">process</span>. 注：在证实或驳斥因果关系需要把推理过程显示出来，如灯灭了，牛奶变酸：灯灭了-停电-冰箱不工作-温度上升-牛奶变酸</p>
页:
[1]