四六级考试阅读的备考:课堂笔记(23)
<p> <span word="Question">Question</span> 11 <span word="to">to</span> 15 <span word="are">are</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="passage">passage</span>:</p><p> <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="child">child</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="move">move</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="arms">arms</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="legs">legs</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="walk">walk</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="child">child</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="physiologically">physiologically</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="capable">capable</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="producing">producing</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="experiencing">experiencing</span> <span word="particular">particular</span> <span word="emotions">emotions</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="emotions">emotions</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="modified">modified</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="learning">learning</span>. <span word="Psychologists">Psychologists</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="basic">basic</span> <span word="processes">processes</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="takes">takes</span> <span word="place">place</span>. <span word="One">One</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="classical">classical</span> <span word="conditioning">conditioning</span> . <span word="This">This</span> <span word="occurs">occurs</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="event">event</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="stimulus">stimulus</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="consistently">consistently</span> <span word="paired">paired</span> <span word="with">with</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="followed">followed</span> <span word="by">by</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="reward">reward</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="punishment">punishment</span>, <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="classical">classical</span> <span word="conditioning">conditioning</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="child">child</span> <span word="learns">learns</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="associate">associate</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="mothers">mothers</span> <span word="face">face</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="voice">voice</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="happiness">happiness</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="love">love</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="learns">learns</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="provides">provides</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="comfort">comfort</span>. <span word="Negative">Negative</span> <span word="emotions">emotions</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="learned">learned</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="fashion">fashion</span>.</p><p> 注：1.<span word="physiologically">physiologically</span> 生理的，<span word="mental">mental</span> / <span word="phycological">phycological</span> 心理的</p><p> 2.<span word="modify">modify</span> 修改、改变;<span word="pair">pair</span> <span word="with">with</span> 伴随</p><p> 3.<span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> ...<span word="that">that</span> 强调介词状语结构</p><p> ●分类型文章：1.分为几类就是文章主题</p><p> 2.抓住各类主体词/基本特征词(通常为动词)</p><p> 3.多余段落通常例证某一类</p><p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="learning">learning</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="operant">operant</span> <span word="conditioning">conditioning</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="occurs">occurs</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="learns">learns</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="rewards">rewards</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="environment">environment</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="learns">learns</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="punishments">punishments</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mother">mother</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="attends">attends</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="baby">baby</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="cries">cries</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="cuddles">cuddles</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="until">until</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="quiet">quiet</span>, <span word="she">she</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="teach">teach</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="cries">cries</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="attention">attention</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="mother">mother</span>. <span word="Thus">Thus</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="baby">baby</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="crying">crying</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="mother">mother</span> <span word="more">more</span>.</p>
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