为黑人的教育提供一个整合的系统
<p> <span word="The">The</span> 35 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="African">African</span>-<span word="American">American</span> <span word="youth">youth</span> <span word="living">living</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="poverty">poverty</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="visible">visible</span> <span word="victims">victims</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="achievement">achievement</span> <span word="gap">gap</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="black">black</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="socioeconomic">socioeconomic</span> <span word="levels">levels</span> <span word="perform">perform</span> <span word="worse">worse</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="graduate">graduate</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="numbers">numbers</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="white">white</span> <span word="middle">middle</span>-<span word="class">class</span> <span word="peers">peers</span>. <span word="A">A</span> 2009 <span word="study">study</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="U">U</span>.<span word="S">S</span>. <span word="Department">Department</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Education">Education</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="National">National</span> <span word="Center">Center</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="Education">Education</span> <span word="Statistics">Statistics</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="African">African</span>-<span word="American">American</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="scored">scored</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="average">average</span>, 26 <span word="points">points</span> <span word="lower">lower</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="white">white</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="reading">reading</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="math">math</span> <span word="tests">tests</span>.</p><p> <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="say">say</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Harvard">Harvard</span> <span word="psychologist">psychologist</span> <span word="Richard">Richard</span> <span word="J">J</span>. <span word="Herrnstein">Herrnstein</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="Enterprise">Enterprise</span> <span word="Institute">Institute</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="scientist">scientist</span> <span word="Charles">Charles</span> <span word="Murray">Murray</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> 1994 <span word="book">book</span>, <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Bell">Bell</span> <span word="Curve">Curve</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="genetic">genetic</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="though">though</span> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Bell">Bell</span> <span word="Curve">Curve</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="discredited">discredited</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="circles">circles</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="IQ">IQ</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="somehow">somehow</span> <span word="linked">linked</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="race">race</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="slow">slow</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="retreat">retreat</span>.</p><p> <span word="Others">Others</span>, <span word="like">like</span> <span word="Cornell">Cornell</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="Gary">Gary</span> <span word="Evans">Evans</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Michelle">Michelle</span> <span word="Schamberg">Schamberg</span>, <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="physiological">physiological</span> <span word="stress">stress</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="plausible">plausible</span> <span word="model">model</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="poverty">poverty</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="eventually">eventually</span> <span word="interfere">interfere</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="achievement">achievement</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="wrote">wrote</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Proceedings">Proceedings</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="National">National</span> <span word="Academy">Academy</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Sciences">Sciences</span>. <span word="Our">Our</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="efforts">efforts</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="narrowing">narrowing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="gap">gap</span> <span word="nationally">nationally</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="No">No</span> <span word="Child">Child</span> <span word="Left">Left</span> <span word="Behind">Behind</span> <span word="haven">haven</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="worked">worked</span>.</p><p> <span word="But">But</span> <span word="locally">locally</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="signs">signs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="hope">hope</span>. <span word="At">At</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Harlem">Harlem</span> <span word="Children">Children</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Zone">Zone</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Promise">Promise</span> <span word="Academy">Academy</span> <span word="charter">charter</span> <span word="schools">schools</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="least">least</span> 97 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="graders">graders</span> <span word="scored">scored</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="above">above</span> <span word="grade">grade</span> <span word="level">level</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="statewide">statewide</span> <span word="math">math</span> <span word="test">test</span> <span word="in">in</span> 2008, <span word="outperforming">outperforming</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="average">average</span> <span word="scores">scores</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="black">black</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="white">white</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="New">New</span> <span word="York">York</span> <span word="City">City</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="New">New</span> <span word="York">York</span> <span word="State">State</span>.</p>
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