英语六级阅读冲刺(9)
<p> <span word="Unions">Unions</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="organizations">organizations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="bargain">bargain</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="employers">employers</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="benefits">benefits</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="exist">exist</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="create">create</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="private">private</span> <span word="management">management</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="achieve">achieve</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="goals">goals</span>.</p><p> <span word="These">These</span> <span word="goals">goals</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="primarily">primarily</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="wages">wages</span>, <span word="better">better</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="conditions">conditions</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="security">security</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="arrangements">arrangements</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="achieve">achieve</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="goals">goals</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="complex">complex</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="psychological">psychological</span> <span word="detail">detail</span>.</p><p> <span word="Union">Union</span> <span word="movements">movements</span> <span word="occurred">occurred</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="latter">latter</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1700<span word="s">s</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span>. <span word="Carpenters">Carpenters</span>, <span word="printers">printers</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="shoemakers">shoemakers</span> <span word="formed">formed</span> <span word="organizations">organizations</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="as">as</span> 1791 <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</span>, <span word="Boston">Boston</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="New">New</span> <span word="York">York</span>. <span word="These">These</span> <span word="arose">arose</span> <span word="largely">largely</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="conflicts">conflicts</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="employers">employers</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="rapid">rapid</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="developing">developing</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="break">break</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="familiar">familiar</span> <span word="methods">methods</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="production">production</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="ties">ties</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="worker">worker</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="employer">employer</span>.</p><p> <span word="A">A</span> <span word="long">long</span>, <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="drive">drive</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="legalization">legalization</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="union">union</span> <span word="followed">followed</span>. <span word="Unions">Unions</span> <span word="fought">fought</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="unsympathetic">unsympathetic</span> <span word="courts">courts</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="legitimacy">legitimacy</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="status">status</span>. <span word="Unions">Unions</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="threat">threat</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="enterprise">enterprise</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="private">private</span> <span word="property">property</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="therefore">therefore</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="stability">stability</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="considered">considered</span> <span word="radical">radical</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="resisted">resisted</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="vigorously">vigorously</span>. <span word="Violence">Violence</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="frequent">frequent</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="sides">sides</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="times">times</span> <span word="moved">moved</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="police">police</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="suppress">suppress</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="fierce">fierce</span> <span word="conflicts">conflicts</span>. <span word="Union">Union</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="punishes">punishes</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="polices">polices</span>.</p><p> <span word="Unions">Unions</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="maintained">maintained</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="practical">practical</span> <span word="direction">direction</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="adopted">adopted</span> <span word="radical">radical</span> <span word="ideologies">ideologies</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="unrealistic">unrealistic</span> <span word="goals">goals</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="major">major</span> <span word="force">force</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="union">union</span> <span word="organizing">organizing</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="century">century</span>. <span word="Samuel">Samuel</span> <span word="Gompers">Gompers</span>, <span word="took">took</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="practical">practical</span> <span word="approach">approach</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="bread">bread</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="butter">butter</span> <span word="unionism">unionism</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="pure">pure</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="unionism">unionism</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="interested">interested</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="immediate">immediate</span>, <span word="practical">practical</span> <span word="gains">gains</span> ---- <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="wages">wages</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="shorter">shorter</span> <span word="hours">hours</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="sided">sided</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="party">party</span>, <span word="only">only</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="politicians">politicians</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="help">help</span>.</p>
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