2015考研英语阅读谎言诱惑下的合作
<p> <span word="HOW">HOW</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="collaborate">collaborate</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="face">face</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="numeroustemptations">numeroustemptations</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="cheat">cheat</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="field">field</span> <span word="ofpsychological">ofpsychological</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="research">research</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thisresearch">thisresearch</span> <span word="focuses">focuses</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tit">tit</span>-<span word="for">for</span>-<span word="tat">tat</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="co">co</span>-<span word="operation">operation</span>: <span word="that">that</span> <span word="humans">humans</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="disposed">disposed</span>, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="dealingwith">dealingwith</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="person">person</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="behave">behave</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="generousmanner">generousmanner</span> <span word="until">until</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="shows">shows</span> <span word="himself">himself</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="tobe">tobe</span> <span word="generous">generous</span>. <span word="At">At</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="point">point</span> <span word="co">co</span>-<span word="operation">operation</span> <span word="iswithdrawn">iswithdrawn</span>. <span word="Fool">Fool</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="once">once</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="shameon">shameon</span> <span word="you">you</span>. <span word="Fool">Fool</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="twice">twice</span>, <span word="shame">shame</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="me">me</span>.</p><p> 人们在难以数计的谎言诱惑下会怎样进行合作，是心理学和经济学研究中的重要课题。有关这个课题的研究通常集中于对投桃报李理论的研究，这个理论认为：人们总是倾向于向别人表现慷慨，除非对方表现出不慷慨的态度。在这个时候合作往往会终止。换句话说，人如果受到一次愚弄，或许是因为错在对方。如果再次受到对方愚弄，就只能怪自己不吸取教训了。</p><p> <span word="When">When</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="encounters">encounters</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="withdrawal">withdrawal</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="collaboration">collaboration</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="goes">goes</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="malefactor">malefactor</span> <span word="willlearn">willlearn</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="error">error</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="co">co</span>-<span word="operative">operative</span> <span word="individual">individual</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="isexperimental">isexperimental</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span>, <span word="based">based</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="specially">specially</span> <span word="designed">designed</span> <span word="games">games</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="tit">tit</span>-<span word="for">for</span>-<span word="tat">tat</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="forpairs">forpairs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="people">people</span>. <span word="Human">Human</span> <span word="societies">societies</span>, <span word="though">though</span>, <span word="are">are</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="complex">complex</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="mere">mere</span> <span word="dyads">dyads</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="untilrecently">untilrecently</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="model">model</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="complexity">complexity</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="laboratory">laboratory</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="paper">paper</span> <span word="publishedthis">publishedthis</span> <span word="week">week</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Proceedings">Proceedings</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="National">National</span> <span word="Academy">Academy</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Sciences">Sciences</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Nicholas">Nicholas</span> <span word="Christakis">Christakis</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="hiscolleagues">hiscolleagues</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Harvard">Harvard</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="changed">changed</span> <span word="that">that</span>. <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Christakis">Christakis</span> <span word="arranged">arranged</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="collaboration">collaboration</span>-<span word="testinggame">testinggame</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="played">played</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="web">web</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="participants">participants</span>. <span word="As">As</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="havegained">havegained</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="sophisticated">sophisticated</span> <span word="insight">insight</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="co">co</span>-<span word="operation">operation</span> <span word="develops">develops</span>.</p>
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