诺贝尔生理学奖
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="The">The</span> 2012 <span word="Nobel">Nobel</span> <span word="prizes">prizes</span> 诺贝尔生理学奖 <span word="Good">Good</span> <span word="eggs">eggs</span> 再生医学界的大好人 <span word="THIS">THIS</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Nobel">Nobel</span> <span word="physiology">physiology</span> <span word="prize">prize</span> <span word="goes">goes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="SirJohn">SirJohn</span> <span word="Gurdon">Gurdon</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Shinya">Shinya</span> <span word="Yamanaka">Yamanaka</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="crucialdiscovery">crucialdiscovery</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="stem">stem</span>-<span word="cell">cell</span> <span word="science">science</span>?<span word="how">how</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="pluripotent">pluripotent</span> <span word="stem">stem</span> <span word="cellsfrom">cellsfrom</span> <span word="ordinary">ordinary</span> <span word="body">body</span> <span word="cells">cells</span>. 今年的诺贝尔生理学奖颁给了约翰格登爵士和山中伸弥，来表彰他们在干细胞领域的关键发现-那就是如何利用普通的体细胞来合成多功能干细胞。 <span word="What">What</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="citation">citation</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="say">say</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="allows">allows</span> <span word="clones">clones</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="adultanimals">adultanimals</span>, <span word="potentially">potentially</span> <span word="including">including</span> <span word="people">people</span>. 诺贝尔颁奖典礼上的褒奖词没有指出的是，这项成果使得成年动物 的克隆成为可能，也有可能可以克隆人类。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="stem">stem</span> <span word="cell">cell</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="differentiate">differentiate</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="daughter">daughter</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="specialised">specialised</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="particularfunctions">particularfunctions</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="body">body</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="derived">derived</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="stem">stem</span> <span word="cells">cells</span>. 干细胞是一种可以分化成姐妹细胞的物质，而姐妹细胞则担当某种特定的功能 ，体内的所有细胞都是来源于干细胞的。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="includes">includes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="stem">stem</span> <span word="cellsthemselves">cellsthemselves</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="derive">derive</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="ur">ur</span> <span word="stem">stem</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="embryos">embryos</span>. 而干细胞则是来自胚胎中的<span word="ur">ur</span>干细胞。 <span word="These">These</span> <span word="embryonic">embryonic</span> <span word="stem">stem</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pluripotent">pluripotent</span> <span word="cells">cells</span>, <span word="meaning">meaning</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="othersorts">othersorts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cell">cell</span>. 这些胚胎干细胞就是多功能干细胞，他们可以分化成很多其他种类的细胞。 <span word="Pluripotent">Pluripotent</span> <span word="embryonic">embryonic</span> <span word="stem">stem</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="value">value</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="but">but</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="embryos">embryos</span> <span word="theycame">theycame</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="human">human</span>, <span word="their">their</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="controversial">controversial</span>. 多功能胚胎干细胞对于研究者来讲弥足珍贵，但是如果这些胚胎来自于人类，那这些干细胞的使用就有争议了。 <span word="Also">Also</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="ever">ever</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="play">play</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="useful">useful</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span>, <span word="then">then</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="beavailable">beavailable</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="bulkand">bulkand</span> <span word="ideally">ideally</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="DNA">DNA</span> <span word="matches">matches</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="recipient">recipient</span>. 而且，这些细胞在医药方面扮演着如何重要角色， 那么 我们就大量需要这些干细胞了在理想的情况下，这些干细胞的<span word="DNA">DNA</span>和接受者的<span word="DNA">DNA</span>相匹配。 <span word="Sir">Sir</span> <span word="John">John</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Yamanaka">Yamanaka</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="conducted">conducted</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="possible">possible</span>. 格登爵士和山中博士的研究就是来推动这一试想实现的可能性。 <span word="Sir">Sir</span> <span word="John">John</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="prizewinning">prizewinning</span> <span word="study">study</span>, <span word="published">published</span> <span word="half">half</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>, <span word="in">in</span> 1962, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="OxfordUniversity">OxfordUniversity</span>, <span word="was">was</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="transplant">transplant</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nuclei">nuclei</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="adults">adults</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="frog">frog</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="Xenopus">Xenopus</span> <span word="laevis">laevis</span> <span word="intoenucleated">intoenucleated</span> <span word="eggs">eggs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="species">species</span>. 格登爵士的获奖研究发表于半个世纪前的1962年，当时他正在牛津大学读书，打算将一只成年非洲爪蟾的细胞核移植到同类的无核卵子中。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="eggs">eggs</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="healthy">healthy</span> <span word="adults">adults</span>. 这些卵子随后发育成健康的非洲爪蛙。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="showed">showed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="DNA">DNA</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="altered">altered</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="embryonic">embryonic</span> <span word="development">development</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Xenopus">Xenopus</span>. 这表明<span word="DNA">DNA</span>在胚胎发育的过程中并未变异，只是在非洲爪蛙的身上没有发生变异。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="suggested">suggested</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="entire">entire</span> <span word="adult">adult</span> <span word="cell">cell</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="perform">perform</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="trick">trick</span>,<span word="without">without</span> <span word="involving">involving</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="egg">egg</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="all">all</span>. 这表明很有可能在得到一个成年完整细胞的情况下，通过同样的试验，但是不用卵子。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Yamanaka">Yamanaka</span> <span word="did">did</span>. 而后者就是由山中博士完成的。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="colleagues">colleagues</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Kyoto">Kyoto</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="managed">managed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="activate">activate</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="crucial">crucial</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="adultmouse">adultmouse</span> <span word="cells">cells</span>. 在日本京都大学，他和他的同事成功激活了四个成年老鼠细胞中的关键基因。 <span word="These">These</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="encode">encode</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="protein">protein</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="type">type</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="transcription">transcription</span> <span word="factor">factor</span>, <span word="whichcontrols">whichcontrols</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="expression">expression</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="DNA">DNA</span>. 这些基因每个都可以表达生成一种蛋白质，转录因子，控制<span word="DNA">DNA</span>的表达。 <span word="Together">Together</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="trick">trick</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cell">cell</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="thinking">thinking</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="embryo">embryo</span>. 和他的同事一起，他们将试验细胞看成胚胎的一部分。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span>, <span word="conducted">conducted</span> <span word="in">in</span> 2005, <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Yamanaka">Yamanaka</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="complete">complete</span> <span word="mice">mice</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="hedid">hedid</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="adult">adult</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="pluripotent">pluripotent</span> <span word="stem">stem</span> <span word="cells">cells</span>. <span word="Subsequent">Subsequent</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="othersthen">othersthen</span> <span word="produced">produced</span> <span word="embryos">embryos</span> <span word="which">which</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="transplanted">transplanted</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="womb">womb</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="female">female</span> <span word="mouse">mouse</span>, <span word="will">will</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="allthe">allthe</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="adulthood">adulthood</span>. 第一个试验是2005年完成的，山中博士的细胞没有发育成完整的老鼠，但是博士确实将成年细胞转化成了多功能胚胎干细胞。他的科研小组随后生成了这种胚胎，如果将该胚胎植入一只雌性老鼠的子宫内，它就会发育成老鼠。 <span word="Finally">Finally</span>, <span word="in">in</span> 2007, <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Yamanaka">Yamanaka</span> <span word="managed">managed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="switch">switch</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="adult">adult</span> <span word="humancells">humancells</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="generated">generated</span> <span word="pluripotent">pluripotent</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="stem">stem</span> <span word="cells">cells</span>. 最后，于2007年，山中博士成功转变了成年人体细胞中的同四种基因，而后生成了多功能人体干细胞。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="principle">principle</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="opens">opens</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="door">door</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="cloning">cloning</span>, <span word="though">though</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="tried">tried</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="inpracticeand">inpracticeand</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="illegal">illegal</span>. 理论上，这一研究开启了人类克隆的大门，尽管还没有人曾付诸实施-大多数国家，这种试验都是非法的。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="opens">opens</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="door">door</span>, <span word="though">though</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bespoke">bespoke</span> <span word="tissue">tissue</span> <span word="repair">repair</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="allow">allow</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="whatevertype">whatevertype</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="desired">desired</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="grown">grown</span> <span word="from">from</span>, <span word="say">say</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="skin">skin</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="transplanted">transplanted</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="thedonor">thedonor</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="risking">risking</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="adverse">adverse</span> <span word="reaction">reaction</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="immune">immune</span> <span word="system">system</span>. 这一研究也开启了订制组织修复的大门，因为可以将任何种类的细胞转化成别的细胞，比如，一些皮肤细胞被移植回到捐献者的体内，而不用担心会对捐献者的免疫系统造成不良影响。 <span word="How">How</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="practice">practice</span> <span word="remains">remains</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="seen">seen</span>. 在实践中，这项研究能走多远，我们拭目以待。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="Sir">Sir</span> <span word="John">John</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Yamanaka">Yamanaka</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pioneers">pioneers</span> <span word="ofa">ofa</span> <span word="whole">whole</span>, <span word="new">new</span> <span word="field">field</span>: <span word="regenerative">regenerative</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span>. 但是如果成功的话，格登爵士和山中博士就成为一项全新领域的先驱了，那就是再生医学。 词语解释 1.<span word="allow">allow</span> <span word="to">to</span> 允许 <span word="Allow">Allow</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="freeze">freeze</span> <span word="solid">solid</span> <span word="for">for</span> 3-4 <span word="hours">hours</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="overnight">overnight</span>. 允许冻结3-4小时或隔夜固体。 <span word="Apply">Apply</span> <span word="solution">solution</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tube">tube</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="allow">allow</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="becometacky">becometacky</span>. 在内胎上涂抹胶水并让它发粘。 2.<span word="derive">derive</span> <span word="from">from</span> 来源于 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="includes">includes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="stem">stem</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="derive">derive</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="ur">ur</span> <span word="stem">stem</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="inembryos">inembryos</span>. 而干细胞则是来自胚胎中的<span word="ur">ur</span>干细胞。 <span word="One">One</span> <span word="answer">answer</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="indirect">indirect</span> <span word="benefit">benefit</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="investors">investors</span> <span word="derive">derive</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="addressing">addressing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="risksof">risksof</span> <span word="global">global</span> <span word="warming">warming</span>. 答案之一是间接的好处，投资者从处理全球变暖的经济风险中得到好处。 3.<span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="into">into</span> 变成,成为 <span word="Could">Could</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="full">full</span>-<span word="fledged">fledged</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span>? 所有这一切真的会变成一场完全的危机? <span word="Could">Could</span> 2010 <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="into">into</span> 1994 <span word="or">or</span> 2004 <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="markets">markets</span>? 2010年的市场会变成1994或2004年的市场吗? 4.<span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="to">to</span> 可能的 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="isn">isn</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="verify">verify</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="allegations">allegations</span>. 他的这些说法是不可能核实的。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="eat">eat</span> <span word="tofu">tofu</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="long">long</span>-<span word="established">established</span> <span word="restaurants">restaurants</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="kyoto">kyoto</span>. 现在你依然可以在京都历史悠久的餐馆里吃豆腐。</p>
页:
[1]