第一次世界大战
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="First">First</span> <span word="World">World</span> <span word="War">War</span> 第一次世界大战 <span word="Look">Look</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="angst">angst</span> 再回首 忧心忡忡 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="uncomfortable">uncomfortable</span> <span word="parallelswith">parallelswith</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="era">era</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="outbreak">outbreak</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="FirstWorld">FirstWorld</span> <span word="War">War</span> 一战过去已有一个世纪，回望一战却发现与当今世界有不少相似之处，令人不安。 <span word="AS">AS</span> <span word="NEW">NEW</span> <span word="YEAR">YEAR</span> <span word="approached">approached</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>, <span word="most">most</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="West">West</span> <span word="looked">looked</span> <span word="forward">forward</span> <span word="to">to</span> 1914<span word="with">with</span> <span word="optimism">optimism</span>. 一个世纪前，同是新年将至，许多西方人对即将来临的1914年充满期待。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="hundred">hundred</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Battle">Battle</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Waterloo">Waterloo</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="entirely">entirely</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="disastertherehad">disastertherehad</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="horrific">horrific</span> <span word="civil">civil</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="America">America</span>, <span word="some">some</span> <span word="regional">regional</span> <span word="scraps">scraps</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Asia">Asia</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Franco">Franco</span>-<span word="Prussianwar">Prussianwar</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="occasional">occasional</span> <span word="colonial">colonial</span> <span word="calamity">calamity</span>. 滑铁卢战役百年来，世界仍未完全摆脱灾难美国爆发严重内战，亚洲部分地区变成废墟，普法战争爆发，殖民地灾难时有发生。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="continental">continental</span> <span word="peace">peace</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="prevailed">prevailed</span>. 不过，各大陆整体来说还是和平的。 <span word="Globalisation">Globalisation</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="technologythe">technologythe</span> <span word="telephone">telephone</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="steamship">steamship</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="trainhad">trainhad</span> <span word="knitted">knitted</span> <span word="theworld">theworld</span> <span word="together">together</span>. 全球化进程加深，加上电话，蒸汽船，火车等新技术应运而生，世界各国紧密相连。 <span word="John">John</span> <span word="Maynard">Maynard</span> <span word="Keynes">Keynes</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wonderful">wonderful</span> <span word="image">image</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Londoner">Londoner</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="sipping">sipping</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="morningtea">morningtea</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="bed">bed</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="ordering">ordering</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="various">various</span> <span word="products">products</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="whole">whole</span> <span word="earth">earth</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="door">door</span>, <span word="much">much</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="hemight">hemight</span> <span word="today">today</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Amazonand">Amazonand</span> <span word="regarding">regarding</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="affairs">affairs</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="normal">normal</span>, <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="andpermanent">andpermanent</span>, <span word="except">except</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="direction">direction</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="further">further</span> <span word="improvement">improvement</span>. 凯恩斯精彩描绘了当时伦敦人的生活情景，躺在床上啧吧啧吧喝着早茶，订购来自全世界各地的各种产品还送货上门，就像现在从亚马逊上购物一样他们认为这种状态正常，必然且不变，要变也只会变更好。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Londoner">Londoner</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="bedside">bedside</span> <span word="table">table</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="copy">copy</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Norman">Norman</span> <span word="Angell">Angell</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="GreatIllusion">GreatIllusion</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="laid">laid</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="argument">argument</span> <span word="thatEurope">thatEurope</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="economies">economies</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="integrated">integrated</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="wasfutile">wasfutile</span>. 他们的床头桌上可能还放着一本诺曼?安吉尔的《大幻觉》，例举种种说明欧洲经济高度一体化，战争无用。 <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="year">year</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="embroiled">embroiled</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="horrific">horrific</span> <span word="war">war</span>. 然而不到一年，整个世界卷入了一场极端可怕的战争。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> 9<span word="m">m</span> <span word="livesand">livesand</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="times">times</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="various">various</span> <span word="geopolitical">geopolitical</span> <span word="tragediesit">tragediesit</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="wake">wake</span>, <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="creation">creation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Soviet">Soviet</span> <span word="Russia">Russia</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="too">too</span>-<span word="casual">casual</span> <span word="redrawing">redrawing</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="MiddleEastern">MiddleEastern</span> <span word="borders">borders</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Hitler">Hitler</span>. 一战中，900万人丧生;一战后，苏联建国，中东地区的国家边界被草率划定，希特勒迅速崛起，若把这些尾随一战而来的地缘政治惨剧都囊括在内的话，死亡人数可就要翻好几番了。 <span word="From">From</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="friend">friend</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="freedom">freedom</span>, <span word="technology">technology</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="agent">agent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="brutality">brutality</span>, <span word="slaughtering">slaughtering</span> <span word="andenslaving">andenslaving</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="terrifying">terrifying</span> <span word="scale">scale</span>. 而科技，从自由之友摇身变成暴行的代理人，无数人因此遭屠杀、被奴役。 <span word="Barriers">Barriers</span> <span word="shot">shot</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span>, <span word="especially">especially</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Great">Great</span> <span word="Depression">Depression</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1930<span word="s">s</span>. 世界各地壁垒林立，在20世纪30年代经济大萧条时期更是如此。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="globalisation">globalisation</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Keynes">Keynes</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Londoner">Londoner</span> <span word="enjoyed">enjoyed</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="again">again</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1945<span word="or">or</span>, <span word="somewould">somewould</span> <span word="argue">argue</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1990<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="eastern">eastern</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Deng">Deng</span> <span word="Xiaoping">Xiaoping</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="reformsbegan">reformsbegan</span> <span word="bearing">bearing</span> <span word="fruit">fruit</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="China">China</span>. 凯恩斯笔下伦敦人享受的全球化真正再次出现已是1945年，或是有人认为的20世纪90年代，那时西欧解放，邓小平在中国的改革开放已初见成效。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="driving">driving</span> <span word="force">force</span> <span word="behind">behind</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="catastrophe">catastrophe</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="befell">befell</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="ago">ago</span> <span word="wasGermany">wasGermany</span>,<span word="which">which</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="looking">looking</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="excuse">excuse</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="allow">allow</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="dominate">dominate</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span>. 德国一直伺机寻找借口发动战争欲征服欧洲，是百年前那场大灾难的助推手。 <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="complacency">complacency</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="blame">blame</span>. 然而他国的骄傲自满也难辞其咎。 <span word="Too">Too</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="people">people</span>, <span word="inLondon">inLondon</span>,<span word="Parisand">Parisand</span> <span word="elsewhere">elsewhere</span>, <span word="believed">believed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="BritainandGermanywere">BritainandGermanywere</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="biggest">biggest</span> <span word="trading">trading</span> <span word="partners">partners</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="therefore">therefore</span> <span word="noeconomic">noeconomic</span> <span word="logic">logic</span> <span word="behind">behind</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="conflict">conflict</span>, <span word="war">war</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="happen">happen</span>. 不论是在伦敦、巴黎还是其它地方，有太多人认为英德两国互为仅次于美国的第二大贸易合作伙伴，也就不会有经济方面的纠纷，战争也就不会爆发。 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="Keynes">Keynes</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="The">The</span> <span word="projects">projects</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="politics">politics</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="militarism">militarism</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="imperialism">imperialism</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="racial">racial</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="culturalrivalries">culturalrivalries</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="monopolies">monopolies</span>, <span word="restrictions">restrictions</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="exclusion">exclusion</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="play">play</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="serpent">serpent</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="thisparadise">thisparadise</span>, <span word="were">were</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="amusements">amusements</span> <span word="ofdaily">ofdaily</span> <span word="newspaper">newspaper</span>. 正如凯恩斯所言，军国主义和帝国主义，种族和文化对抗，贸易垄断、限制和排外等种种计划和政策正如失乐园的撒旦化身大蛇一样，然而在伦敦人看来，不过是日报上的娱乐资讯罢了。 <span word="Playing">Playing</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="role">role</span> 演好角色 <span word="Humanity">Humanity</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="mistakes">mistakes</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="shown">shown</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="response">response</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span>,<span word="which">which</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="shaped">shaped</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="determination">determination</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="avoid">avoid</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mistakes">mistakes</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Depression">Depression</span>. 从经济危机的应对便可看出，人类能从错误中吸取教训，尤其当人们下定决心不再重蹈经济大萧条的覆辙时。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="memory">memory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="horrors">horrors</span> <span word="unleashed">unleashed</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="ago">ago</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="leaders">leaders</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="stumbleinto">stumbleinto</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="today">today</span>. 回忆起百年前这场恐怕的战争，各国便不太可能再度卷入战争。 <span word="So">So</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="explosive">explosive</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="conflagration">conflagration</span>: <span word="the">the</span> <span word="threat">threat</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="nuclear">nuclear</span> <span word="holocaust">holocaust</span> <span word="isa">isa</span> <span word="powerful">powerful</span> <span word="brake">brake</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reckless">reckless</span> <span word="escalation">escalation</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="dispatched">dispatched</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="generation">generation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="meninto">meninto</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="trenches">trenches</span>. 同样，想到现代冲突带来的爆炸威力：核毁灭的威胁有力的刹住了不顾后果的冲突升级，新一代年轻男子也就无需匍匐战壕了。 <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="parallels">parallels</span> <span word="remain">remain</span> <span word="troubling">troubling</span>. 然而当今世界与一战的诸多相似之处，仍令人担忧。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="United">United</span> <span word="StatesisBritain">StatesisBritain</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="superpower">superpower</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wane">wane</span>, <span word="unable">unable</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="guarantee">guarantee</span> <span word="globalsecurity">globalsecurity</span>. 现在的美国类似当时的英国，同是月满正亏的超级大国，同样无法保证全球安全。 <span word="Its">Its</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="trading">trading</span> <span word="partner">partner</span>,<span word="China">China</span>, <span word="plays">plays</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Germany">Germany</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="bristlingwith">bristlingwith</span> <span word="nationalist">nationalist</span> <span word="indignation">indignation</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="building">building</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="armed">armed</span> <span word="forces">forces</span> <span word="rapidly">rapidly</span>. 中国，美国最主要的贸易伙伴，则类似当时的德国，同为新兴经济力量，同样充斥着愤懑的民族主义者，同样在迅速地构建军事力量。 <span word="Modern">Modern</span> <span word="Japan">Japan</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="France">France</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="ally">ally</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="retreating">retreating</span> <span word="hegemon">hegemon</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="declining">declining</span> <span word="regional">regional</span> <span word="power">power</span>. 日本就如当时的法国，同为衰退霸权国的同盟者，在地区的影响力同样下降。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="parallels">parallels</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="exactChina">exactChina</span> <span word="lacks">lacks</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Kaiser">Kaiser</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="territorial">territorial</span> <span word="ambitions">ambitions</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="sdefence">sdefence</span> <span word="budget">budget</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="impressive">impressive</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="imperial">imperial</span> <span word="Britain">Britain</span> <span word="sbut">sbut</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="enoughfor">enoughfor</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="guard">guard</span>. 不过，并无完全相同，中国缺少德国扩张的野心，美国的国防预算也远强于那时的英帝国。然而，这种高度相似已足以令世界提高警惕。 <span word="Which">Which</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="large">large</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span>. 但总体上并未引起世界各国的重视。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="troubling">troubling</span> <span word="similarity">similarity</span> <span word="between">between</span> 1914 <span word="and">and</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="complacency">complacency</span>. 自满才是1914年与当今世界最令人担忧的相似点。 <span word="Business">Business</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="today">today</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="businesspeople">businesspeople</span> <span word="then">then</span>: <span word="too">too</span> <span word="busy">busy</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="notice">notice</span> <span word="theserpents">theserpents</span> <span word="flickering">flickering</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bottom">bottom</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="trading">trading</span> <span word="screens">screens</span>. 商人还像那时的的商人：忙着挣钱，对电子交易屏下若隐若现的撒旦毒蛇浑然不知。</p>
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