人类智力
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Human">Human</span> <span word="intelligence">intelligence</span> 人类智力 <span word="Cleverer">Cleverer</span> <span word="still">still</span> 还是更聪明 <span word="Geniuses">Geniuses</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="getting">getting</span> <span word="brighter">brighter</span>. 天才越来越聪明。 <span word="And">And</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="genius">genius</span> <span word="levels">levels</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="IQ">IQ</span>, <span word="girls">girls</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="behind">behind</span> <span word="boys">boys</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> 而在智商达到天才水平的人数上，女孩不再和从前一样远远落在男孩后面。 <span word="SCIENCE">SCIENCE</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="controversial">controversial</span> <span word="topics">topics</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="intelligencein">intelligencein</span> <span word="particular">particular</span>,<span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="variations">variations</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="nurture">nurture</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="especially">especially</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="suchvariations">suchvariations</span> <span word="differ">differ</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sexes">sexes</span>. 在科学领域，没有什么话题比人类智力这一话题更有争议了，而智力的差异是天赋使然还是后天培养造成的?以及这种差异是否与性别相关? <span word="The">The</span> <span word="mines">mines</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="field">field</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="blow">blow</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="anentire">anentire</span> <span word="career">career</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Larry">Larry</span> <span word="Summers">Summers</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="in">in</span> 2005 <span word="when">when</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="spoke">spoke</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hypothesis">hypothesis</span> <span word="thatthe">thatthe</span> <span word="mathematical">mathematical</span> <span word="aptitude">aptitude</span> <span word="needed">needed</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="physics">physics</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="engineering">engineering</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="maths">maths</span> <span word="itself">itself</span>, <span word="isinnately">isinnately</span> <span word="rarer">rarer</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="men">men</span>. 这两个问题尤为如此。拉里萨默斯在2005年发现，这块领域上的地雷足以毁掉整个一个人职业生涯，他当时谈到一个假设，物理学，工程学还有数学本身都需要一定的数学天分，而女性的数学天分天生就比不上男性。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="resigned">resigned</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="president">president</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Harvard">Harvard</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="shortly">shortly</span> <span word="afterwards">afterwards</span>. 此后不久，他便辞去了哈佛大学校长的职务。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="bold">bold</span>, <span word="therefore">therefore</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Jonathan">Jonathan</span> <span word="Wai">Wai</span>, <span word="Martha">Martha</span> <span word="Putallaz">Putallaz</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Matthew">Matthew</span> <span word="Makel">Makel</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="DukeUniversity">DukeUniversity</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="North">North</span> <span word="Carolina">Carolina</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="enter">enter</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fray">fray</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="paper">paper</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="addresses">addresses</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="questions">questions</span>. 因此，杜克大学的乔纳森维，马萨普塔拉兹和马修马可的作为可谓大胆，他们发表了一篇论文，对上面两个问题均有所论述，使他们加入了这场争论。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="paper">paper</span>, <span word="just">just</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Current">Current</span> <span word="Directions">Directions</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Psychological">Psychological</span> <span word="Science">Science</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="describehow">describehow</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="sifted">sifted</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="nearly">nearly</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="decades">decades</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="standardised">standardised</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> <span word="administered">administered</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Americanhigh">Americanhigh</span>-<span word="school">school</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="happening">happening</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="brightest">brightest</span> <span word="sparks">sparks</span>. 该论文刚刚发表在《心理科学最新动向》上，描述了他们如何对近三十年来美国高中学生参加的标准化考试结果进行筛选，以获知在美国最聪明的天才们身上发生了什么。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="draw">draw</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="conclusions">conclusions</span>. <span word="One">One</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="phenomenon">phenomenon</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Flynn">Flynn</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="applies">applies</span> <span word="inparticular">inparticular</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brightest">brightest</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bright">bright</span>. 他们得出两个结论。一个结论是被称为弗林效应的现象对天才当中最聪明的那些尤为适用。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="part">part</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="all">all</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="historic">historic</span> <span word="difference">difference</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brainiest">brainiest</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="andwomen">andwomen</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="vanished">vanished</span>. 另一个结论是最聪明的男性和女性人数之间的历史差距只是缩小了一段，而非完全消失。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="drew">drew</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Duke">Duke</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Talent">Talent</span> <span word="IdentificationProgramme">IdentificationProgramme</span>, <span word="TIP">TIP</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="designed">designed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ferret">ferret</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="especially">especially</span> <span word="clever">clever</span> <span word="candidates">candidates</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="on">on</span>: <span word="all">all</span> <span word="theparticipants">theparticipants</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="scored">scored</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="top">top</span> 5% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="confronted">confronted</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="exams">exams</span> <span word="designed">designed</span> <span word="formuch">formuch</span> <span word="older">older</span> <span word="students">students</span>. 这三名研究人员的数据来自杜克大学的人才识别工程，该工程旨在提前搜寻出特别聪明的应试者：所有的参与者的考试成绩均排前5%，而这些考试都是针对年龄比他们大得多的学生的。 <span word="TIP">TIP</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="turn">turn</span>, <span word="draws">draws</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="exams">exams</span>: <span word="SAT">SAT</span>, <span word="EXPLORE">EXPLORE</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="ACT">ACT</span>. 转过来，<span word="TIP">TIP</span>的数据又源于三个全国性考试：<span word="SAT">SAT</span>，<span word="EXPLORE">EXPLORE</span>及<span word="ACT">ACT</span>。 <span word="Altogether">Altogether</span>, <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Wai">Wai</span>, <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Putallaz">Putallaz</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Makel">Makel</span> <span word="looked">looked</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="from">from</span> 1.7<span word="m">m</span> <span word="children">children</span>. 维博士，普塔拉兹博士和马可博士一起查看了170万儿童的数据。 <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="spanned">spanned</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="between">between</span> 1981 <span word="and">and</span> 2010. 这些数据介于1981年到2010年之间。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="population">population</span> <span word="boys">boys</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bit">bit</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="girls">girls</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="maths">maths</span>. 在普通人群中，普遍认为男孩的数学要比女孩好一点。 <span word="Girls">Girls</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="turn">turn</span>, <span word="edge">edge</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="boys">boys</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="verbal">verbal</span> <span word="reasoning">reasoning</span>. 而反过来，女孩在文字推理的测试上比男孩略胜一筹。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="overall">overall</span> <span word="IQ">IQ</span> <span word="scores">scores</span>. 在智商上的比较结果也大体类似。 <span word="Among">Among</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="mathematical">mathematical</span> <span word="brains">brains</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="equality">equality</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="pertain">pertain</span>. 然而，这些最聪明的年轻数学天才里并无平等可言。 <span word="Here">Here</span>, <span word="boys">boys</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="maths">maths</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="girlsbut">girlsbut</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="theresearchers">theresearchers</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span>. 研究人员发现，在这里面，男孩在数学上要比女孩好得多，但差距要比以前小一些。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="early">early</span> 1980<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ratio">ratio</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="males">males</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="females">females</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="top">top</span> 0.01% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="maths">maths</span> <span word="scores">scores</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="SAT">SAT</span>, <span word="theScholastic">theScholastic</span> <span word="Aptitude">Aptitude</span> <span word="Test">Test</span>, <span word="was">was</span> <span word="around">around</span> 13 <span word="to">to</span> 1. 在上世纪80年代早期，学术能力评估测试的数学成绩前0.01%的人数中，男女比例约为13比1。 <span word="By">By</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="early">early</span> 1990<span word="s">s</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="fallen">fallen</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="one">one</span>. 到了上世纪90年代早期，这一比例降到4比1。 <span word="After">After</span> <span word="this">this</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="remained">remained</span> <span word="obstinately">obstinately</span> <span word="unaltered">unaltered</span>. 然而此后该数字便停滞不前了。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="tests">tests</span>, <span word="both">both</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="post">post</span>-<span word="date">date</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="period">period</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="SAT">SAT</span> <span word="shows">shows</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="hugechanges">hugechanges</span>, <span word="indicate">indicate</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="lopsided">lopsided</span> <span word="sex">sex</span> <span word="ratios">ratios</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="one">one</span>. 在<span word="SAT">SAT</span>出现上述巨大变化的时期之后，另外两个考试的男女比例均在3比1到2比1之间，性别倾向性更低。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="neither">neither</span> <span word="shows">shows</span> <span word="girls">girls</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="progress">progress</span> <span word="towards">towards</span> <span word="equality">equality</span>. 但两个都未显示出女孩最近向平等迈出多大步伐。 <span word="Nurturing">Nurturing</span> <span word="talent">talent</span> 培养天资 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="perfect">perfect</span>. <span word="Its">Its</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="interesting">interesting</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="rests">rests</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="threesets">threesets</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="exams">exams</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="looked">looked</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="sample">sample</span> <span word="sizes">sizes</span> <span word="are">are</span>, <span word="necessarily">necessarily</span>, <span word="small">small</span>. 以上研究并不完美。他们查看了三个考试的数据，但其最引人关注的结果所依赖的数据仅来自中一个考试，样本规模肯定不够大。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="chimes">chimes</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="findings">findings</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="older">older</span> <span word="investigation">investigation</span>, <span word="carried">carried</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1983 <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="ofresearchers">ofresearchers</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Johns">Johns</span> <span word="Hopkins">Hopkins</span> <span word="University">University</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="male">male</span>-<span word="to">to</span>-<span word="female">female</span> <span word="sex">sex</span> <span word="ratio">ratio</span> <span word="of">of</span>13:1 <span word="among">among</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="mathematicians">mathematicians</span>. 但其结论与很早之前的一份调查结果一致，该调查是由约翰霍普金斯的一组研究人员在1983年进行的，发现在最有天赋的年轻数学家里，男女比例也是13比1。 <span word="Why">Why</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="dramatic">dramatic</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="aptitude">aptitude</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="brightest">brightest</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="female">female</span> <span word="mathematiciansshould">mathematiciansshould</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="followed">followed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="decades">decades</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="stagnation">stagnation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="obvious">obvious</span>, <span word="and">and</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="beingexperts">beingexperts</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="mine">mine</span>-<span word="clearance">clearance</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="offer">offer</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="hypothesis">hypothesis</span>. 美国最聪明的年轻女数学家的天资为何在飞速提升后，又经历了20年的停滞期，答案并未交代清楚，研究人员也并非扫雷专家，没有提出任何假说。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="itself">itself</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="nurture">nurture</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="sortpossibly">sortpossibly</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="teachers">teachers</span> <span word="attitudes">attitudes</span> <span word="towards">towards</span> <span word="girls">girls</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="interested">interested</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="mathsbut">mathsbut</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="subsequent">subsequent</span> <span word="stasis">stasis</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="haveeither">haveeither</span> <span word="explanation">explanation</span>. 很明显，这种提升本身肯定是某种后天培养造成的 可能是教师对待对数学感兴趣的女孩态度上的转变但是随后的停滞用天赋与后天培养都能解释。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="line">line</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reasoning">reasoning</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="favour">favour</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="forward">forward</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Simon">Simon</span> <span word="Baron">Baron</span>-<span word="Cohen">Cohen</span>, <span word="apsychologist">apsychologist</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Cambridge">Cambridge</span> <span word="University">University</span>. 剑桥大学的心理学家西蒙?拜伦-科恩提出了一条的推论，支持天赋论。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="connects">connects</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="extreme">extreme</span> <span word="systematising">systematising</span> <span word="patterns">patterns</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="goodmathematician">goodmathematician</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="preponderance">preponderance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Asperger">Asperger</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="syndrome">syndrome</span>, <span word="aform">aform</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="autism">autism</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="harm">harm</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="intelligence">intelligence</span>. 这条推论将极高系统化思维模式与艾斯伯格综合症患者中男性占多数两者联系起来。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="disparity">disparity</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="equally">equally</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="as">as</span>-<span word="yet">yet</span>-<span word="unelucidated">unelucidated</span> <span word="differencebetween">differencebetween</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="girls">girls</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="boys">boys</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="up">up</span>. 而在抚养女孩和男孩的过程中一些至今仍无法言表的差别同样可能造成这种数量上的不同。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="beast">beast</span> 野兽的本性 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="unelucidated">unelucidated</span> <span word="environmental">environmental</span> <span word="influences">influences</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="IQ">IQ</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="eloquentlyillustrated">eloquentlyillustrated</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Flynn">Flynn</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>. 弗林效应有力的阐明了这种无法言表的环境影响对智商是有实际影响的。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="phenomenon">phenomenon</span>, <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="attention">attention</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1980<span word="s">s</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="James">James</span> <span word="Flynn">Flynn</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="theUniversity">theUniversity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Otago">Otago</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="New">New</span> <span word="Zealand">Zealand</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="average">average</span> <span word="IQs">IQs</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="rising">rising</span> <span word="atthe">atthe</span> <span word="rate">rate</span> <span word="of">of</span> 0.3 <span word="points">points</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span> <span word="eight">eight</span> <span word="decades">decades</span>. 上世纪八十年代，新西兰奥塔哥大学的詹姆斯福林让这一现象受到了全世界的关注，这一现象是：在过去的八十年里，世界的平均智商每年增加0.3。 <span word="Using">Using</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="TIP">TIP</span> <span word="data">data</span>, <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Wai">Wai</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="colleagues">colleagues</span> <span word="showed">showed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="true">true</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brightestyoungsters">brightestyoungsters</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="society">society</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="lesser">lesser</span> <span word="mortals">mortals</span>, <span word="suggesting">suggesting</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="havetheir">havetheir</span> <span word="abilities">abilities</span> <span word="boosted">boosted</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="whatever">whatever</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="causing">causing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Flynn">Flynn</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>. 通过<span word="TIP">TIP</span>数据，维博士及其同事指出，弗林效应适用于差一点的普通人，也同样适用于美国社会中最聪明的年轻人，他们实际上也会受到造成弗林效应的因素的影响，水平得到提升。 <span word="Once">Once</span> <span word="again">again</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="mainly">mainly</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="mathematics">mathematics</span>. 又一次，这些变化似乎主要体现在数学上。 <span word="Scores">Scores</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brightest">brightest</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="verbal">verbal</span>-<span word="reasoning">reasoning</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="reading">reading</span> <span word="abilities">abilities</span> <span word="demonstrate">demonstrate</span> <span word="noclear">noclear</span> <span word="trend">trend</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="sustained">sustained</span> <span word="improvements">improvements</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="mathematicalability">mathematicalability</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="decades">decades</span>. 最聪明的孩子的文字推理和阅读能力的成绩并未出现一个明显的趋势，但是在过去的三十年里，他们的数学能力在三个全国性考试中都显示出持续的进步。 <span word="No">No</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="knows">knows</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="causes">causes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Flynn">Flynn</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>. 没人知道是什么造成了弗林效应。 <span word="Theories">Theories</span> <span word="range">range</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="nutrition">nutrition</span>, <span word="via">via</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="stimulating">stimulating</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="environment">environment</span>, <span word="tothe">tothe</span> <span word="phasing">phasing</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="lead">lead</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="petrol">petrol</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="paint">paint</span>. 关于弗林效应诱因的理论有许多，从更好的营养，到更具刺激性的总体环境，再到汽油和涂料中逐步停止铅的使用。 <span word="What">What</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="gene">gene</span>-<span word="given">given</span> <span word="ability">ability</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="peoplemean">peoplemean</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="debate">debate</span>, <span word="because">because</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="generations">generations</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="naturalselection">naturalselection</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="meaningful">meaningful</span> <span word="impact">impact</span>. 但可以明确的是，这不会是一种基因赋予的能力上的变化，这种能力也就是这场争论中大多数人所指的天赋，因为没有哪代人在经过自然选择后，天赋受到什么具有实际意义的影响。 词语解释 1.<span word="in">in</span> <span word="particular">particular</span> 尤其， 特别 <span word="Progress">Progress</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="needed">needed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="areas">areas</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="particular">particular</span>. 尤其需要在三个方面取得进展。 <span word="Unemployment">Unemployment</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="particular">particular</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="risen">risen</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="thanonce">thanonce</span> <span word="seemed">seemed</span> <span word="likely">likely</span>. 特别是失业率的增速似乎可能有所放缓。 2.<span word="speak">speak</span> <span word="of">of</span> 说起 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="lyrics">lyrics</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="imagery">imagery</span> <span word="speak">speak</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="over">over</span>-<span word="fishing">fishing</span>, <span word="deforestation">deforestation</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="smog">smog</span>. 歌词和比喻谈到了过度捕捞、滥伐树木和烟雾。 <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="israeli">israeli</span> <span word="politicians">politicians</span> <span word="speak">speak</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="objective">objective</span>: <span word="to">to</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="ordinary">ordinary</span> <span word="palestinians">palestinians</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="hamasis">hamasis</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="obstacle">obstacle</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="peace">peace</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="prosperity">prosperity</span>. 有些以色列政客说到了另一个目标：向普通巴勒斯坦人证明哈马斯是和平与繁荣的障碍。 3.<span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> 既又除之外 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="implies">implies</span> <span word="criticism">criticism</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="support">support</span>. 这句话暗示着夫妻间的相互支持以及相互批评。 <span word="We">We</span> <span word="continue">continue</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="service">service</span> <span word="customers">customers</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="advertisers">advertisers</span>. 我们将继续向客户和广告商提供服务。 4.<span word="in">in</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> 依次; 轮流地 <span word="Let">Let</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="consider">consider</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="points">points</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="turn">turn</span>. 那就让我们依次分析一下这几点。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="pushed">pushed</span> <span word="share">share</span> <span word="prices">prices</span> <span word="higher">higher</span>. 这转而推动股价进一步走高。</p>
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