转基因作物
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Genetically">Genetically</span> <span word="modified">modified</span> <span word="crops">crops</span> 转基因作物 <span word="Fields">Fields</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="beaten">beaten</span> <span word="gold">gold</span> 遭受捣毁 <span word="Greens">Greens</span> <span word="say">say</span> <span word="climate">climate</span>-<span word="change">change</span> <span word="deniers">deniers</span> <span word="areunscientific">areunscientific</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="dangerous">dangerous</span>. <span word="So">So</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="greens">greens</span> <span word="whooppose">whooppose</span> <span word="GM">GM</span> <span word="crops">crops</span> 环保主义者表示,气候变化否认者是不科学和危险的。反对转基因作物的环保主义者也同样危险. <span word="IN">IN</span> <span word="AUGUST">AUGUST</span> <span word="environmentalists">environmentalists</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Philippines">Philippines</span> <span word="vandalised">vandalised</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="field">field</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Golden">Golden</span> <span word="Rice">Rice</span>, <span word="anexperimental">anexperimental</span> <span word="grain">grain</span> <span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="modified">modified</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="carry">carry</span> <span word="beta">beta</span>-<span word="carotene">carotene</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="chemicalprecursor">chemicalprecursor</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="vitamin">vitamin</span> <span word="A">A</span>. 8月，环保主义者在菲律宾蓄意破坏了一片金大米田地, 金大米是一种实验性的谷物，其基因被修改为维生素<span word="a">a</span>的化学前体<span word="b">b</span>胡萝卜素。 <span word="Golden">Golden</span> <span word="Rice">Rice</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="produced">produced</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="corporate">corporate</span> <span word="behemoth">behemoth</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="sector">sector</span>. 金大米不是由企业巨头,而是公共部门种植的。 <span word="Its">Its</span> <span word="seeds">seeds</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="handed">handed</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="tofarmers">tofarmers</span>. 它的种子将免费发放给农民。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="aim">aim</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="improve">improve</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="poor">poor</span> <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="reducing">reducing</span> <span word="vitamin">vitamin</span> <span word="Adeficiency">Adeficiency</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="contributes">contributes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hundreds">hundreds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thousands">thousands</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="premature">premature</span> <span word="deaths">deaths</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="cases">cases</span> <span word="ofblindness">ofblindness</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="year">year</span>. 用于改善贫困国家儿童的健康状况，缓解这些儿童的维生素<span word="A">A</span>缺乏情况, 每年都会10%以上的人因缺乏维生素过早死亡和失明。 <span word="Environmentalists">Environmentalists</span> <span word="claim">claim</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="sorts">sorts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="actions">actions</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="justified">justified</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="geneticallymodified">geneticallymodified</span> <span word="crops">crops</span> <span word="pose">pose</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="risks">risks</span>. 环保人士声称,此类捣毁行为是合理的, 因为转基因作物对健康构成风险。 <span word="Now">Now</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="ground">ground</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="claims">claims</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="crumbled">crumbled</span>. 现在，此类声称的理由已被击破。 <span word="Last">Last</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="paper">paper</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="respected">respected</span> <span word="journal">journal</span>, <span word="Food">Food</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Chemical">Chemical</span> <span word="Toxicology">Toxicology</span>. 去年，一篇论文在权威杂志《食品与化学毒理学》上发表。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="unusual">unusual</span> <span word="rates">rates</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="tumours">tumours</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="deaths">deaths</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="rats">rats</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="fed">fed</span> <span word="upon">upon</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="variety">variety</span> <span word="ofmaize">ofmaize</span> <span word="resistant">resistant</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="herbicide">herbicide</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="Roundup">Roundup</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="genetic">genetic</span> <span word="modification">modification</span> <span word="byMonsanto">byMonsanto</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="plant">plant</span>-<span word="science">science</span> <span word="firm">firm</span>. 它发现在老鼠中出现不寻常的肿瘤和死亡状况，而这些老鼠被喂食过一种玉米，此种玉米是, 美国植物科学公司生产的转基因作物，对草甘膦农药具有抵抗力。 <span word="Other">Other</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="effects">effects</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="enabled">enabled</span> <span word="campaigners">campaigners</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="ahealth">ahealth</span>-<span word="and">and</span>-<span word="safety">safety</span> <span word="argument">argument</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="GM">GM</span> <span word="cropsone">cropsone</span> <span word="persuasive">persuasive</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="influencegovernments">influencegovernments</span>. 其他研究并没有发现此种的影响。然而，此文章致使倡议人士以健康与安全问题为理由反对转基因作物，甚至对政府也产生了影响。 <span word="After">After</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="appeared">appeared</span>, <span word="Russia">Russia</span> <span word="suspended">suspended</span> <span word="imports">imports</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="grain">grain</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="question">question</span>. <span word="Kenya">Kenya</span> <span word="bannedall">bannedall</span> <span word="GM">GM</span> <span word="crops">crops</span>. 这项研究发表之后, 俄罗斯暂停进口存在疑虑的粮食。肯尼亚禁止了所有的转基因作物。 <span word="And">And</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="French">French</span> <span word="prime">prime</span> <span word="minister">minister</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="results">results</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="confirmed">confirmed</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="press">press</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="aEurope">aEurope</span>-<span word="wide">wide</span> <span word="ban">ban</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="GM">GM</span> <span word="maize">maize</span>. 法国总理表示, 如果结果得到证实, 他将敦促欧洲禁止转基因玉米。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="methodology">methodology</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="study">study</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Gilles">Gilles</span>-<span word="Eric">Eric</span> <span word="Seralini">Seralini</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Caen">Caen</span> <span word="andcolleagues">andcolleagues</span>, <span word="was">was</span> <span word="widely">widely</span> <span word="criticised">criticised</span> <span word="and">and</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="November">November</span> 28<span word="th">th</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="journal">journal</span> <span word="retracted">retracted</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="paper">paper</span>. 但是卡昂大学的塞拉利尼和他的同事们这项研究的方法论,被广泛批评。 11月28日,《食品与化学毒理学》撤销该论文。 <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="GM">GM</span> <span word="crops">crops</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="harm">harm</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="ofhuman">ofhuman</span> <span word="beings">beings</span>.。 现在没有足够的科学证据表明,转基因作物对人类的健康有任何危害。 <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="plenty">plenty</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span>, <span word="though">though</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="benefit">benefit</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="planet">planet</span>. 然而，却有大量的证据表明，转基因作物可以造福于人类的健康。 <span word="One">One</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="biggest">biggest</span> <span word="challenges">challenges</span> <span word="facing">facing</span> <span word="mankind">mankind</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="feed">feed</span> <span word="the">the</span> 9 <span word="billion">billion</span>-10 <span word="billion">billion</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="willbe">willbe</span> <span word="alive">alive</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="richer">richer</span> <span word="in">in</span> 2050. 人类面临的最大挑战之一是到2050年，人们有粮食可吃以及有充足的食物。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="require">require</span> <span word="doubling">doubling</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="production">production</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="roughly">roughly</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="area">area</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="land">land</span>, <span word="using">using</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="waterand">waterand</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="chemicals">chemicals</span>. 这将需要在大致相同面积的土地上使用更少的水和更少的化学物质生产出高达两倍的粮食。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="crops">crops</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="resistant">resistant</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="droughts">droughts</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="floods">floods</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="seemlikely">seemlikely</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="climate">climate</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bad">bad</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="fear">fear</span>. 这也将意味着倘若气候变化如科学家们担心的那样糟糕，粮食作物要更耐旱和洪涝。 <span word="Organic">Organic</span> <span word="farmingthe">farmingthe</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="beloved">beloved</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="greenscannot">greenscannot</span> <span word="meet">meet</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="challenge">challenge</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="uses">uses</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="toomuch">toomuch</span> <span word="land">land</span>. 有机作物-环保主义者钟爱的作物，不能承受这种挑战。它需要太多的土地。 <span word="If">If</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Green">Green</span> <span word="revolution">revolution</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="happened">happened</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="yields">yields</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="stayed">stayed</span> <span word="at">at</span> 1960 <span word="levels">levels</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="worldcould">worldcould</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="current">current</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="output">output</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="ploughed">ploughed</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="acre">acre</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cultivableland">cultivableland</span>. 如果绿色革命从未发生过, 粮食产量一直停留在1960年的水平, 人类即使利用每一英亩的可耕种的土地，也不能产生出目前的粮食产量。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span>, <span word="GM">GM</span> <span word="crops">crops</span> <span word="boost">boost</span> <span word="yields">yields</span>, <span word="protecting">protecting</span> <span word="wild">wild</span> <span word="habitat">habitat</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="plough">plough</span>. 相比之下,转基因作物可以提高粮食产量,保护野生栖息地不遭受开垦。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="resistant">resistant</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="vagaries">vagaries</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="climate">climate</span> <span word="change">change</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="diseases">diseases</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="pests">pests</span>,<span word="reducing">reducing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="agrochemicals">agrochemicals</span>. 他们更能承受变幻莫测的气候变化，疾病和害虫,减少对农药依赖性。 <span word="Genetic">Genetic</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="holds">holds</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="possibility">possibility</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="breakthroughs">breakthroughs</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="vastly">vastly</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="theproductivity">theproductivity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="farming">farming</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="grains">grains</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="fix">fix</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="nitrogen">nitrogen</span>. 遗传研究给大大提高农业的生产力带来了突破的可能性, 例如谷物可以修复自己的氮。 <span word="Vandalising">Vandalising</span> <span word="GM">GM</span> <span word="field">field</span> <span word="trials">trials</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bit">bit</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="campaign">campaign</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="religious">religious</span> <span word="leaders">leaders</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="preventsmallpox">preventsmallpox</span> <span word="inoculations">inoculations</span>: <span word="it">it</span> <span word="causes">causes</span> <span word="misery">misery</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="death">death</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="name">name</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="obscurantism">obscurantism</span> <span word="andunscientific">andunscientific</span> <span word="belief">belief</span>. 捣毁转基因试验田和一些宗教运动的领袖防止天花接种有点像: 它以蒙昧主义和信仰不科学的名义会造成痛苦,甚至死亡。 <span word="Follow">Follow</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="principles">principles</span> 遵循你的原则 <span word="America">America</span> <span word="takes">takes</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="notice">notice</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="nonsense">nonsense</span>. 美国需要很少关注此类无稽之谈。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="green">green</span> <span word="groups">groups</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="influential">influential</span> <span word="figures">figures</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Prince">Prince</span> <span word="Charles">Charles</span>,<span word="have">have</span> <span word="succeeded">succeeded</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="shaping">shaping</span> <span word="policy">policy</span>. 但在欧洲，环保组织在查尔斯王子等具有影响力的人士的支持下,已经成功地塑造了政策。 <span word="Governments">Governments</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="hedged">hedged</span> <span word="genetic">genetic</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="restrictions">restrictions</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="ofthe">ofthe</span> <span word="business">business</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="fled">fled</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="continent">continent</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="feed">feed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span>. 政府限制了遗传研究, 大部分业务已经逃离欧洲大陆。 <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="developing">developing</span> <span word="countriesKenya">countriesKenya</span>, <span word="India">India</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="othershave">othershave</span> <span word="turned">turned</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="backs">backs</span> <span word="ontechnologies">ontechnologies</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="literally">literally</span> <span word="save">save</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="peoples">peoples</span> <span word="lives">lives</span>. 一些发展中国家肯尼亚、印度等国也对此项能够挽救人民的生命的技术嗤之以鼻。 <span word="And">And</span> <span word="European">European</span> <span word="governments">governments</span> <span word="spend">spend</span> <span word="taxpayers">taxpayers</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="financing">financing</span> <span word="groups">groups</span> <span word="encouraging">encouraging</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="todo">todo</span> <span word="so">so</span>. 欧洲政府花纳税人的钱资助团体鼓励他们这样做。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Philippines">Philippines</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="trashed">trashed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rice">rice</span> <span word="trials">trials</span>, <span word="MASIPAG">MASIPAG</span>, <span word="gets">gets</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="theSwedish">theSwedish</span> <span word="government">government</span>. 菲律宾的组织,破坏了瑞典政府出资的<span word="MASIPAG">MASIPAG</span>水稻试验田。 <span word="On">On</span> <span word="moral">moral</span>, <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="environmental">environmental</span> <span word="grounds">grounds</span>, <span word="this">this</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="stop">stop</span>. 无论是从道德、经济和环境上来说 ,此类举动都必须停止。 词语解释 1.<span word="hand">hand</span> <span word="out">out</span> 分发;拿出 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="excellent">excellent</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="actively">actively</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="forexcuses">forexcuses</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hand">hand</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="rewards">rewards</span>. 他们在书中说道卓越公司积极寻找理由去分发奖金。 <span word="Plans">Plans</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="center">center</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hand">hand</span> <span word="outmaps">outmaps</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="understand">understand</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="areaswere">areaswere</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="risk">risk</span>. 他所在的研究中心当时也开始制定向民众分发地图的计划，好让人们知道哪些地区存在风险。 2.<span word="contribute">contribute</span> <span word="to">to</span> 有助于,促进 <span word="Such">Such</span> <span word="actions">actions</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="contribute">contribute</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="desired">desired</span> <span word="structural">structural</span> <span word="transition">transition</span>. 此类举措将有助于实现中国渴望的结构转型。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="contribute">contribute</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="preventing">preventing</span> <span word="severe">severe</span> <span word="disease">disease</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="death">death</span>. 这些药物还可有助于预防严重疾病和死亡。 3.<span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> 例如;譬如;诸如 <span word="What">What</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="future">future</span> <span word="steps">steps</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="euro">euro</span> <span word="bonds">bonds</span>? 诸如欧元联盟之类的未来计划怎样? <span word="Imaginary">Imaginary</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="hiding">hiding</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="ones">ones</span>. 像这样的臆想的问题通常隐藏真实性的。</p>
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