超级计算
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Supercomputing">Supercomputing</span> 超级计算 <span word="Deeper">Deeper</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> 更深奥的思维 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="fastest">fastest</span> <span word="computer">computer</span>, <span word="thanks">thanks</span> <span word="tovideo">tovideo</span> <span word="games">games</span> 多亏电子游戏，让世界拥有了一台新的最快的计算机 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="ultimate">ultimate</span> <span word="games">games</span> <span word="machine">machine</span> 终极游戏机 <span word="SPEED">SPEED</span> <span word="fanatics">fanatics</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span>, <span word="computer">computer</span> <span word="nerds">nerds</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="check">check</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="website">website</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Top">Top</span>500, <span word="acollaboration">acollaboration</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="German">German</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="computer">computer</span> <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="keeps">keeps</span> <span word="tabs">tabs</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="whichof">whichof</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="supercomputers">supercomputers</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fastest">fastest</span>. 作为速度控，电脑迷们喜欢查看<span word="Top">Top</span>500的网站，该网站是由德国和美国的计算机科学家合办，记录世界上最快的超级计算机。 <span word="On">On</span> <span word="November">November</span> 12<span word="th">th</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="website">website</span> <span word="released">released</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="latest">latest</span> <span word="list">list</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="unveiled">unveiled</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="champion">champion</span>. 11月12日，该网站发布了最新榜单，揭开了新一任冠军的面纱。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="computer">computer</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="Titan">Titan</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="lives">lives</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Oak">Oak</span> <span word="Ridge">Ridge</span> <span word="National">National</span> <span word="Laboratory">Laboratory</span>, <span word="inTennessee">inTennessee</span>. 获得冠军的计算机名为泰坦，居于田纳西州的橡树岭国家实验室， <span word="It">It</span> <span word="took">took</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="place">place</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="machine">machine</span>, <span word="IBM">IBM</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Sequoia">Sequoia</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="housed">housed</span> <span word="atLawrence">atLawrence</span> <span word="Livermore">Livermore</span> <span word="National">National</span> <span word="Laboratory">Laboratory</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="California">California</span>. 它是击败了另一台美国的计算机-<span word="IBM">IBM</span>的红杉而取得冠军的，红杉位于加利福尼亚州的劳伦斯利物莫国家实验室。 <span word="These">These</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="machines">machines</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="helped">helped</span> <span word="reassert">reassert</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="dominance">dominance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="list">list</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="had">had</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pastfew">pastfew</span> <span word="years">years</span>, <span word="been">been</span> <span word="headed">headed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="computers">computers</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Japan">Japan</span>. 这两台计算机使美国重新在<span word="Top">Top</span>500榜单上获得优势地位，而在过去数年，中国和日本的计算机一直雄踞榜首。 <span word="Titan">Titan</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="previous">previous</span> <span word="champion">champion</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="ways">ways</span>. 泰坦与之前的冠军在多个方面均有所不同。 <span word="For">For</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="thing">thing</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="open">open</span> <span word="system">system</span>, <span word="meaning">meaning</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="sufficientlythorny">sufficientlythorny</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bid">bid</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="astronomerscan">astronomerscan</span> <span word="bid">bid</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="telescopes">telescopes</span>. 其一，它是一个开放的系统，意味着科研人员可以争取泰坦的使用时间来解决非常棘手的问题，与天文学家争取天文望远镜使用时间的方式差不多。 <span word="Sequoia">Sequoia</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span>, <span word="spends">spends</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="running">running</span> <span word="hush">hush</span>-<span word="hush">hush</span> <span word="simulations">simulations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="explodingnuclear">explodingnuclear</span> <span word="weapons">weapons</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="therefore">therefore</span> <span word="rarely">rarely</span> <span word="available">available</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="use">use</span>. 相比之下，红杉将其大多数时间用在绝密的核武器爆炸模拟上，因此很少用于公共用途。 <span word="Titan">Titan</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="unusual">unusual</span> <span word="design">design</span>, <span word="too">too</span>. 泰坦的设计也与众不同。 <span word="All">All</span> <span word="supercomputers">supercomputers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="composed">composed</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thousands">thousands</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="processor">processor</span> <span word="chips">chips</span> <span word="harnessed">harnessed</span> <span word="together">together</span>. 所有的超级计算机是由成千上万个处理芯片连在一起组成的。 <span word="Often">Often</span>, <span word="these">these</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="derivatives">derivatives</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="central">central</span> <span word="processing">processing</span> <span word="units">units</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="CPUs">CPUs</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="sit">sit</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heart">heart</span> <span word="ofmodern">ofmodern</span>, <span word="desktop">desktop</span> <span word="machines">machines</span>. 这些芯片通常都是由现代台式电脑的心脏-中央处理器，即<span word="CPU">CPU</span>，衍生出来的。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="Titan">Titan</span> <span word="derives">derives</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="majority">majority</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="oomphmore">oomphmore</span> <span word="than">than</span> 90%<span word="from">from</span> <span word="technology">technology</span> <span word="originallydeveloped">originallydeveloped</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="video">video</span>-<span word="game">game</span> <span word="industry">industry</span>. 但是泰坦的大部分性能源于最初由电子游戏行业开发出来的技术。 <span word="Half">Half</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> 37,376 <span word="processors">processors</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="ordinary">ordinary</span> <span word="CPUs">CPUs</span>. 泰坦有37376个处理器，其中一半是普通<span word="CPU">CPU</span>， <span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="half">half</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="graphics">graphics</span> <span word="processing">processing</span> <span word="units">units</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="GPUs">GPUs</span>. 但另外一半是图形处理器，即<span word="GPU">GPU</span>。 <span word="These">These</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="specialised">specialised</span> <span word="devices">devices</span> <span word="designed">designed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="cope">cope</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="video">video</span> <span word="games">games</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="ofthe">ofthe</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="demanding">demanding</span> <span word="applications">applications</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="machine">machine</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="ever">ever</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="run">run</span>. <span word="GPU">GPU</span>是用于处理现代电子游戏的专业设备，其中一些要求最苛刻的游戏甚至都没有家用机能运行起来。 <span word="China">China</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="TianHe">TianHe</span>-1 <span word="machine">machine</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="previous">previous</span> <span word="Top">Top</span>500 <span word="champion">champion</span>, <span word="was">was</span> <span word="built">built</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="way">way</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="are">are</span>60 <span word="other">other</span> <span word="machines">machines</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Top">Top</span>500 <span word="list">list</span>. 前<span word="Top">Top</span>500冠军，中国的天河1号也是采用同样的方式搭建的，<span word="Top">Top</span>500榜单中还有60台计算机也是用此方式搭建的。 <span word="Parallel">Parallel</span> <span word="worlds">worlds</span> 并行的世界 <span word="Broadly">Broadly</span> <span word="speaking">speaking</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="CPUwhich">CPUwhich</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="expected">expected</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="run">run</span> <span word="everything">everything</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="spreadsheets">spreadsheets</span> <span word="tovoice">tovoice</span>-<span word="recognition">recognition</span> <span word="software">software</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="encoded">encoded</span> <span word="videohas">videohas</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="generalist">generalist</span>, <span word="competent">competent</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="everysort">everysort</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mathematical">mathematical</span> <span word="task">task</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="excelling">excelling</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span>. 从广义上说，一个<span word="CPU">CPU</span>被寄予运行一切事物的厚望，从电子表格到语音视频软件，再到解码视频必须成为一个全能选手，要胜任所有类型的数学计算任务，但却无一精通。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="GPU">GPU</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="designed">designed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="excel">excel</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="only">only</span>: <span word="manipulating">manipulating</span> <span word="huge">huge</span> <span word="numbers">numbers</span> <span word="ofthe">ofthe</span> <span word="triangles">triangles</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="computer">computer</span> <span word="graphics">graphics</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="made">made</span>. 相比之下，<span word="GPU">GPU</span>就是为专精一件事而特别设计的：操控大量的三角形，所有现代计算机的图形都是由这些三角形构成的。 <span word="Several">Several</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Nvidia">Nvidia</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="AMD">AMD</span> <span word="realised">realised</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="problemswhich">problemswhich</span> <span word="demand">demand</span> <span word="huge">huge</span> <span word="amounts">amounts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="computing">computing</span> <span word="powereverything">powereverything</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="climate">climate</span> <span word="simulations">simulations</span> <span word="andmodelling">andmodelling</span> <span word="combustion">combustion</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="engine">engine</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="seismic">seismic</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="oil">oil</span>-<span word="and">and</span>-<span word="gas">gas</span> <span word="industrycouldbe">industrycouldbe</span> <span word="translated">translated</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="digestible">digestible</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="GPUs">GPUs</span>. 几年前，英伟达及超微半导体的研究人员意识到许多需要大量运算能力的科学问题从气候模拟及发动机燃烧方式建模到油气行业的抗震分析都可以转译成<span word="GPU">GPU</span>可以理解的形式。 <span word="Soon">Soon</span> <span word="after">after</span>, <span word="supercomputer">supercomputer</span> <span word="builders">builders</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Cray">Cray</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="notice">notice</span>. 此后不久，这开始引起了超级计算机制造商的注意，如克雷。 <span word="Borrowing">Borrowing</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="games">games</span> <span word="industry">industry</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="brings">brings</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="benefits">benefits</span>. <span word="One">One</span> <span word="big">big</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="isefficiency">isefficiency</span>. 以这种方式借鉴游戏行业的技术带来诸多好处。最大的一个好处是效能。 <span word="Titan">Titan</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="upgrade">upgrade</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Oak">Oak</span> <span word="Ridge">Ridge</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="existing">existing</span> <span word="Jaguar">Jaguar</span> <span word="machine">machine</span>. 泰坦是橡树岭现有的美洲虎超级计算机的升级版。 <span word="Upgrading">Upgrading</span> <span word="Jaguar">Jaguar</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="ordinary">ordinary</span> <span word="CPUs">CPUs</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="meant">meant</span> <span word="building">building</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="computer">computer</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="suckedaround">suckedaround</span> 30<span word="MW">MW</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="electricity">electricity</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="running">running</span> <span word="flat">flat</span> <span word="outenough">outenough</span> <span word="juice">juice</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="town">town</span>. 如使用普通的<span word="CPU">CPU</span>对美洲虎进行升级，则意味着升级后的计算机在全速运行时将会狂饮大约30<span word="MW">MW</span>的电力，这么多电力供给一个小镇都绰绰有余。 <span word="Because">Because</span> <span word="GPUs">GPUs</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="specialised">specialised</span> <span word="tasks">tasks</span>, <span word="Titan">Titan</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="achieve">achieve</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="blisteringperformance">blisteringperformance</span> <span word="while">while</span> <span word="sipping">sipping</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="modest">modest</span> 8.2<span word="MW">MW</span>. 由于<span word="GPU">GPU</span>非常擅长处理专门性务，泰坦在达到最高性能时只是抿掉8.2<span word="MW">MW</span>的电力，不算太多。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="financially">financially</span>, <span word="too">too</span>, <span word="says">says</span> <span word="Sumit">Sumit</span> <span word="Gupta">Gupta</span>, <span word="head">head</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="supercomputing">supercomputing</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Nvidia">Nvidia</span>. 使用<span word="GPU">GPU</span>从经济上说也颇有意义，英伟达超级计算业务的负责人苏米特古普塔称。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="chips">chips</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="firm">firm</span> <span word="sells">sells</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="supercomputer">supercomputer</span>-<span word="makers">makers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="identical">identical</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="sellsto">sellsto</span> <span word="gamers">gamers</span>. 英伟达销售给超级计算机制造商的<span word="GPU">GPU</span>几乎与销售给游戏玩家的<span word="GPU">GPU</span>完全相同。 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Gupta">Gupta</span> <span word="observes">observes</span>, <span word="The">The</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="high">high</span>-<span word="performance">performance</span> <span word="computing">computing</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="littered">littered</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bodiesof">bodiesof</span> <span word="firms">firms</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="tried">tried</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="build">build</span> <span word="products">products</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="supercomputing">supercomputing</span> <span word="market">market</span>. 据古普塔博士观察，在高性能运算的历史上，遍布着那些只想为超级计算机市场提供产品的公司的尸体， <span word="By">By</span> <span word="itself">itself</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="niche">niche</span>. 就其自身而言，这个利基市场太过狭小了。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="upsides">upsides</span>, <span word="though">though</span>. 然而使用<span word="GPU">GPU</span>也有不利的一面。 <span word="Machines">Machines</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="Titan">Titan</span> <span word="achieve">achieve</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="speed">speed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="breaking">breaking</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="thousands">thousands</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="tiny">tiny</span> <span word="piecesand">piecesand</span> <span word="farming">farming</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="single">single</span> <span word="processor">processor</span>. 泰坦这类计算机是将一个问题打散为成千上万个小碎片，然后将每个小碎片分发给单独的处理器运算，从而达到其很高的运算速度。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="helpful">helpful</span> <span word="analogy">analogy</span>, <span word="perhaps">perhaps</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="painting">painting</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="house">house</span>: <span word="one">one</span> <span word="strategy">strategy</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hire">hire</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="singlepainter">singlepainter</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="quicker">quicker</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="employ">employ</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="give">give</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="room">room</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>. 或许将其比喻为粉刷房子有助于理解：一种策略是只雇用一名粉刷工，但是多雇几个粉刷工，然后每人刷一个房间很可能会更快一点。 <span word="Not">Not</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="susceptible">susceptible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="chopped">chopped</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="way">way</span>, <span word="though">though</span>. 然而不是所有的问题都能以这种方式切分。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="requirement">requirement</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="translate">translate</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sort">sort</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mathematics">mathematics</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="GPU">GPU</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="digestadds">digestadds</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="barrier">barrier</span>. 而将一个问题转译为<span word="GPU">GPU</span>可以理解的那中数学运算问题也是一个障碍。 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Gupta">Gupta</span> <span word="gives">gives</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="example">example</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="models">models</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="simulate">simulate</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="car">car</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="react">react</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="crashas">crashas</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="resisted">resisted</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="industry">industry</span> <span word="calls">calls</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="massively">massively</span> <span word="parallelapproach">parallelapproach</span>. 古普塔博士举了模拟汽车碰撞的模型的例子，解决该问题目前仍需采用被行业称为大规模并行的方法。 <span word="Clever">Clever</span> <span word="programmers">programmers</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="issues">issues</span>: <span word="ray">ray</span>-<span word="tracing">tracing</span>, <span word="ahigh">ahigh</span>-<span word="quality">quality</span>, <span word="mathematically">mathematically</span> <span word="intense">intense</span> <span word="approach">approach</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="computer">computer</span> <span word="graphics">graphics</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="aims">aims</span> <span word="tosimulate">tosimulate</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="rays">rays</span>, <span word="was">was</span>, <span word="ironically">ironically</span>, <span word="long">long</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="amodern">amodern</span> <span word="GPU">GPU</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="struggle">struggle</span> <span word="with">with</span>. 聪明的程序员有时能够找到绕过这种问题的方法：射线追踪，是一种针对电脑图形的高质量，数学运算频繁的方法，目的是模拟单独的光线。但讽刺的是，射线追踪一直被认为是现代<span word="GPU">GPU</span>难以处理的一类问题， <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="graphics">graphics</span> <span word="conference">conference</span> <span word="in">in</span> 2008, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Nvidia">Nvidia</span> <span word="announced">announced</span> <span word="thatthey">thatthey</span> <span word="had">had</span>, <span word="nevertheless">nevertheless</span>, <span word="found">found</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="it">it</span>. 但在2008年的一次图形大会上，一个来自英伟达的研究团队宣布，尽管这类问题很难，但他们还是找到了处理的方法。 <span word="Oak">Oak</span> <span word="Ridge">Ridge</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Nvidia">Nvidia</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="wanting">wanting</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Titan">Titan</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="theiralgorithms">theiralgorithms</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="tweaked">tweaked</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="ways">ways</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="digestible">digestible</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="machine">machine</span>. 橡树岭和英伟达计划和想要使用泰坦的科学家合作，来检查这些科学家的算法是否能够以类似的方式进行微调，使新计算机能够理解这些算法。 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Gupta">Gupta</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="bullish">bullish</span>. 古普塔博士对其表示乐观。 <span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="recalcitrant">recalcitrant</span> <span word="car">car</span>-<span word="crash">crash</span> <span word="simulations">simulations</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="thinks">thinks</span>, <span word="will">will</span> <span word="yield">yield</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="approach">approach</span> <span word="soon">soon</span>. 他认为，即便是顽固的汽车碰撞模拟问题不久也会出现新的解决方法。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="say">say</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="work">work</span>. 但这并不是说所有的问题都能解决。 <span word="And">And</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="tweak">tweak</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="code">code</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="themselvesstruggling">themselvesstruggling</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="advantage">advantage</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ever">ever</span>-<span word="rising">rising</span> <span word="performance">performance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="fastestcomputers">fastestcomputers</span>. 对于无法对其编码进行微调的科学家来说，会发现他们很难去利用世界上最快的计算机们不断提升的性能。 词语解释 1.<span word="thanks">thanks</span> <span word="to">to</span> 幸亏， 多亏 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="largely">largely</span> <span word="thanks">thanks</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="impressivemobile">impressivemobile</span>-<span word="money">money</span> <span word="revolution">revolution</span>. 实在多亏了肯尼亚引人注目的手机钱包改革。 <span word="Pornographers">Pornographers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="bigger">bigger</span> <span word="trouble">trouble</span>, <span word="thanks">thanks</span> <span word="totechnology">totechnology</span>. 由于科技的作用，色情作品作者将陷入更大的麻烦。 2.<span word="bid">bid</span> <span word="for">for</span> 出价,投标 <span word="Toronto">Toronto</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="host">host</span> <span word="the">the</span> 2015 <span word="pan">pan</span> <span word="american">american</span> <span word="games">games</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="rumoured">rumoured</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="considering">considering</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bid">bid</span> <span word="forthe">forthe</span> 2024 <span word="summer">summer</span> <span word="olympics">olympics</span>. 多伦多将主办2015年的泛美运动会，并有传言说正在考虑申办2024年夏季奥运会。 <span word="International">International</span> <span word="oil">oil</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="routinely">routinely</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="state">state</span>-<span word="owned">owned</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="oil">oil</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bidfor">bidfor</span> <span word="undeveloped">undeveloped</span> <span word="assets">assets</span>. 国际石油公司通常会与国有的国家石油公司联合收购未开发资产。 3.<span word="available">available</span> <span word="for">for</span> 可用于 <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="officials">officials</span> <span word="weren">weren</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="immediately">immediately</span> <span word="available">available</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="comment">comment</span>. 记者无法立即联系到中国官员置评。 <span word="None">None</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="readily">readily</span> <span word="available">available</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="real">real</span>-<span word="world">world</span> <span word="measurement">measurement</span>. 这两者中没有一个是可以轻易地用于实际量测的。 4.<span word="compose">compose</span> <span word="of">of</span> 由构成 <span word="What">What</span> <span word="kinds">kinds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="colors">colors</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="olympic">olympic</span> <span word="flag">flag</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="five">five</span> <span word="rings">rings</span> <span word="compose">compose</span> <span word="of">of</span>? 奥运会会旗和和五环由哪几种颜色构成? <span word="The">The</span> <span word="compose">compose</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="production">production</span> <span word="cost">cost</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dried">dried</span> <span word="tea">tea</span> <span word="output">output</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="income">income</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="grades">grades</span> <span word="inalpine">inalpine</span> <span word="tea">tea</span> <span word="field">field</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="analysized">analysized</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="paper">paper</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="efficacious">efficacious</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="improvingeconomic">improvingeconomic</span> <span word="benefit">benefit</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="summarized">summarized</span>. 通过对高山茶园茶叶生产成本构成、等级干茶产量收入的分析比较，总结出提高高山茶园经营效益的有效途径。</p>
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