太不公平啦
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Snot">Snot</span> <span word="fair">fair</span>! 太不公平啦! <span word="Exactly">Exactly</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="perceived">perceived</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="fair">fair</span>? 究竟在什么情况下人们会觉得不公平? <span word="AS">AS</span> <span word="THE">THE</span> <span word="bankster">bankster</span> <span word="phenomenon">phenomenon</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="eloquently">eloquently</span> <span word="illustrated">illustrated</span>, <span word="Homo">Homo</span> <span word="sapiens">sapiens</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="exquisitelysensitive">exquisitelysensitive</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="injustice">injustice</span>. 强盗银行家的现象已经有力地证明，人类对于不公平是敏感至极的。 <span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="grudgingly">grudgingly</span> <span word="tolerated">tolerated</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="astronomical">astronomical</span> <span word="incomes">incomes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="financial">financial</span> <span word="traders">traders</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="eventhe">eventhe</span> <span word="cosmological">cosmological</span> <span word="ones">ones</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="banks">banks</span> <span word="chief">chief</span> <span word="executives">executives</span>, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="salaries">salaries</span> <span word="wereearned">wereearned</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="honest">honest</span> <span word="labour">labour</span>. 过去，许多人对于操盘手高到天上去的收入，甚至是银行高管天文数字一般的薪酬，虽愠愠不平，但尚能忍耐，他们曾以为这些收入是靠诚实劳动赚来的。 <span word="Now">Now</span>, <span word="so">so</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="examples">examples</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="contrary">contrary</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="emerged">emerged</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="toleration">toleration</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="vanished">vanished</span>. 但如今，随着大量反例的出现，公众的忍耐已经不复存在。 <span word="Surprisingly">Surprisingly</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="psychological">psychological</span> <span word="underpinnings">underpinnings</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="injusticeinparticular">injusticeinparticular</span>, <span word="what">what</span> <span word="triggers">triggers</span> <span word="willingness">willingness</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="punish">punish</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="offender">offender</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="thepunisherhave">thepunisherhave</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="established">established</span>. 然而让人惊讶的是，心理学上对于不公平感的成因尚未能做出很好的解释，尤其是为何人们不惜付出代价也要惩罚侵犯者。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Nichola">Nichola</span> <span word="Raihani">Raihani</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="College">College</span>, <span word="London">London</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="KatherineMcAuliffe">KatherineMcAuliffe</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Harvard">Harvard</span>, <span word="just">just</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Biology">Biology</span> <span word="Letters">Letters</span>, <span word="attempts">attempts</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="disentangle">disentangle</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="matter">matter</span>. 但是，英国伦敦大学学院的尼古拉雷汉尼和哈佛大学的凯瑟琳麦考利夫最近进行的一项实验尝试对这个问题抽丝剥缕，这一实验的结果发表在了最近的《生物学快报》上。 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Raihani">Raihani</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="McAuliffe">McAuliffe</span> <span word="tested">tested</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="competing">competing</span> <span word="hypotheses">hypotheses</span>. 雷汉尼博士和麦考利夫女士对两种对立的猜想进行了验证。 <span word="One">One</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="desire">desire</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="punish">punish</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="revenge">revenge</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="offence">offence</span>. 第一种猜想认为，惩罚侵犯者的欲望只是一种报复心理。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="related">related</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="offence">offence</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="consequencesspecifically">consequencesspecifically</span>, <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="theoffender">theoffender</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="victim">victim</span>. 另一种猜想则认为这与侵犯的结果有关具体来说，即侵犯者的境况是否比受害者更好。 <span word="Until">Until</span> <span word="recently">recently</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="temptation">temptation</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="advertise">advertise</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="undergraduate">undergraduate</span> <span word="volunteersfor">volunteersfor</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="project">project</span>. 一直到最近，像这样的项目往往会通过广告吸引大学生志愿者。 <span word="Instead">Instead</span>, <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Raihani">Raihani</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="McAuliffe">McAuliffe</span> <span word="decided">decided</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="follow">follow</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="fashion">fashion</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="psychology">psychology</span> <span word="andrecruit">andrecruit</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="guinea">guinea</span> <span word="pigs">pigs</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="Mechanical">Mechanical</span> <span word="Turk">Turk</span>. 但是雷汉尼博士和麦考利夫女士决定采取心理学界新近流行的一种方法，借由一个叫做机械土耳其的系统招收他们实验的小白鼠。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="arrangement">arrangement</span>, <span word="run">run</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Amazon">Amazon</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="internet">internet</span> <span word="firm">firm</span>, <span word="pays">pays</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="registered">registered</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="itsmall">itsmall</span> <span word="sums">sums</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="jobs">jobs</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="others">others</span>. 这一系统由网络巨头亚马逊公司组织，注册用户为别人工作后可以领到小额的酬劳。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="allowed">allowed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="gather">gather</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="volunteers">volunteers</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="havebeen">havebeen</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="average">average</span> <span word="student">student</span> <span word="body">body</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="spread">spread</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="profile">profile</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thosevolunteers">thosevolunteers</span> <span word="beyond">beyond</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="halls">halls</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="academe">academe</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="beyond">beyond</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="age">age</span> <span word="of">of</span> 21. 通过这个系统，两位研究者不仅找到了比普通学生群体更多的志愿者，还得以将志愿者的范围扩大到了学术界以外和21岁以上的人群。 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Raihani">Raihani</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="McAuliffe">McAuliffe</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="Turkers">Turkers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="play">play</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="game">game</span>. 雷汉尼博士和麦考利夫女士请参与实验的特客玩了一个游戏。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="volunteers">volunteers</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="paired">paired</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="sums">sums</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="money">money</span>. 在游戏中，志愿者以两人一组一一配对，并各自获得一小笔钱。 <span word="One">One</span> <span word="member">member</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pair">pair</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="predefined">predefined</span> <span word="sum">sum</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="chose">chose</span>. 组里的一名志愿者可以选择是否从另一名组员那里拿走预定数量的钱。 <span word="After">After</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="could">could</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="himself">himself</span>, <span word="impoverish">impoverish</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="opponent">opponent</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="agreater">agreater</span> <span word="degree">degree</span>. 之后，另一位组员在自己付出一定代价的前提下，可以大量减少对方的财产。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="player">player</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="receive">receive</span> <span word="ten">ten</span> <span word="cents">cents</span>, 30 <span word="cents">cents</span> <span word="or">or</span> 70 <span word="cents">cents</span>. 每一组的游戏者甲最开始可能会收到10美分、30美分或是70美分作为起始财产。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="player">player</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="received">received</span> 70 <span word="cents">cents</span>. 而游戏者乙则总会收到70美分。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="player">player</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="allowed">allowed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> 20 <span word="cents">cents</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="player">player</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="money">money</span>. 然后甲被允许先从乙处取走20美分。 <span word="Finally">Finally</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="player">player</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="reduce">reduce</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="player">player</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="total">total</span> <span word="sum">sum</span> <span word="by">by</span> 30 <span word="cents">cents</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="costof">costof</span> <span word="ten">ten</span> <span word="cents">cents</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="himselfin">himselfin</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="lost">lost</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="so">so</span>. 最后乙可以选择使甲的财产减少30美分，但是作为代价他自己也必须拿出10美分换句话说，这么做乙自己蒙受了损失。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="crucial">crucial</span> <span word="point">point</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="game">game</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="cases">cases</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="player">player</span> <span word="suffers">suffers</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sameabsolute">sameabsolute</span> <span word="loss">loss</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="chooses">chooses</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="him">him</span>. 这个游戏最关键的一点在于，无论甲的起始财产是多少，只要甲选择拿走乙的钱，乙都要蒙受完完全全的损失。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="offence">offence</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="identical">identical</span>. 也就是说，不论哪种情况，乙所受到的侵犯总是一样的。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="version">version</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="game">game</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="remains">remains</span> <span word="ahead">ahead</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="retaliate">retaliate</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="secondhe">secondhe</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="equal">equal</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="ends">ends</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="behind">behind</span>. 但在第一种情况中，如果乙不采取反击，他还能保持领先，第二种情况下甲乙平局，而第三种情况中，乙则会以落后告败。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="upshot">upshot</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="cases">cases</span> <span word="about">about</span> 15% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="players">players</span> <span word="chose">chose</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="retaliate">retaliate</span> <span word="ifthey">ifthey</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="taken">taken</span>. 游戏的结果显示，在前两种情况中，只要钱被拿走，15%扮演乙的志愿者会选择反击。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="versions">versions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="game">game</span> <span word="whoretaliated">whoretaliated</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="though">though</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="taken">taken</span>. 而综合三种情况来看，乙在钱没有被拿走的前提下依然选择向对方进行反击的现象也大概占15%。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="version">version</span>, <span word="though">though</span>, <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> 40% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="players">players</span> <span word="retaliated">retaliated</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="wastaken">wastaken</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="themeven">themeven</span> <span word="though">though</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="outcome">outcome</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="player">player</span> <span word="ended">ended</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="ahead">ahead</span>,<span word="with">with</span> 60 <span word="cents">cents</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="player">player</span> <span word="s">s</span> 40 <span word="cents">cents</span>. 但在第三种情况中，一旦钱被拿走，超过40%扮演乙的志愿者会采取反击即便甲仍然会以60美分比40美分的优势取得游戏的胜利。 <span word="On">On</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="face">face</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="things">things</span>, <span word="this">this</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="gets">gets</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="goat">goat</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="muchhaving">muchhaving</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="taken">taken</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="having">having</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="taker">taker</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="thevictim">thevictim</span>. 乍一看，这样的结果意味着真正让人感到愤恨的不是自己的钱被拿走，而是拿走钱的人在拿走钱后财产比受害者多。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="clearly">clearly</span> <span word="bear">bear</span> <span word="further">further</span> <span word="investigation">investigation</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="example">example</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="looking">looking</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="firstplayer">firstplayer</span> <span word="begins">begins</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="game">game</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span>. 显然这个结论需要更多的调查加以证明，比如假如从一开始甲的钱就比乙多，结果会如何。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="intriguing">intriguing</span>, <span word="though">though</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="trivial">trivial</span> <span word="sums">sums</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="provoke">provoke</span> <span word="thoughts">thoughts</span> <span word="ofrevenge">ofrevenge</span>. 有意思的是，就是这么不起眼的几十美分也能激发人的报复心理。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fate">fate</span> <span word="awaiting">awaiting</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="astronomically">astronomically</span> <span word="paid">paid</span> <span word="bankers">bankers</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="particularlynasty">particularlynasty</span> <span word="one">one</span>. 从这一点看来，等待着那些拿着超高薪待遇的银行家们的命运颇为险恶。 词语解释 1.<span word="sensitive">sensitive</span> <span word="to">to</span> 对敏感 <span word="India">India</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="highly">highly</span> <span word="sensitive">sensitive</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="chinese">chinese</span> <span word="activities">activities</span> <span word="innepal">innepal</span>. 印度对中国在尼泊尔的活动高度敏感。 <span word="Universities">Universities</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="extremely">extremely</span> <span word="sensitive">sensitive</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="suchchanges">suchchanges</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="enrolment">enrolment</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="directly">directly</span> <span word="affectrevenues">affectrevenues</span>. 大学对于注册学生人数的变化极其敏感，因为这会对大学的收入造成直接影响。 2.<span word="in">in</span> <span word="particular">particular</span> 尤其，特别 <span word="Progress">Progress</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="needed">needed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="areas">areas</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="particular">particular</span>. 尤其需要在三个方面取得进展。 <span word="Unemployment">Unemployment</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="particular">particular</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="risen">risen</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="once">once</span> <span word="seemed">seemed</span> <span word="likely">likely</span>. 特别是失业率的增速似乎可能有所放缓。 3.<span word="attempt">attempt</span> <span word="to">to</span> 尝试，企图 <span word="Your">Your</span> <span word="letter">letter</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="feeble">feeble</span> <span word="attempt">attempt</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hide">hide</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="intolerance">intolerance</span>. 你的这封信，是一种试图掩盖你狭隘心胸的苍白举动。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="attempt">attempt</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="chapter">chapter</span>. 这也许是创造新开始的尝试。 4.<span word="relate">relate</span> <span word="to">to</span> 涉及;有关系 <span word="Share">Share</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="relate">relate</span> <span word="to">to</span>. 分享一些与我的兴趣有关的东西。 <span word="Cutting">Cutting</span> <span word="costs">costs</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="easy">easy</span>: <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bulk">bulk</span> <span word="relate">relate</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="promises">promises</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="made">made</span>. 削减成本并不是件容易的事：大部分成本与已经做出的承诺有关。</p>
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