医学技术
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Medical">Medical</span> <span word="technology">technology</span> 医学技术 <span word="Skin">Skin</span> <span word="deep">deep</span> 肌肤之下 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="diagnose">diagnose</span> <span word="skin">skin</span> <span word="cancers">cancers</span> 诊断皮肤癌的更好方法 <span word="DERMATOLOGISTS">DERMATOLOGISTS</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="spotting">spotting</span> <span word="unusual">unusual</span> <span word="bits">bits</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="skin">skin</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="becancers">becancers</span>. 皮肤病医学家擅长发现一小块异常皮肤是否有患癌症的可能性。 <span word="Testing">Testing</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="are">are</span>, <span word="though">though</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="literally">literally</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bloody">bloody</span> <span word="pain">pain</span>. 但是，要检查出是否真患癌症的确会让人感到出血之痛。 <span word="For">For</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="piece">piece</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="skin">skin</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="identified">identified</span> <span word="asmalignant">asmalignant</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="benign">benign</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sent">sent</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="laboratory">laboratory</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="examination">examination</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="amicroscope">amicroscope</span>. 因为要鉴定一块皮肤是恶性还是良性，就必须剪下来，然后送到实验室的显微镜下检验。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Rainer">Rainer</span> <span word="Leitgeb">Leitgeb</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="physicist">physicist</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Medical">Medical</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="ofVienna">ofVienna</span>, <span word="hope">hope</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="that">that</span>. 但是，由维也纳医科大学物理学家<span word="Rainer">Rainer</span> <span word="Leitgeb">Leitgeb</span>带领的研究小组希望改变这个现状。 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="describe">describe</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Biomedical">Biomedical</span> <span word="Optics">Optics</span> <span word="Express">Express</span>, <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Leitgeb">Leitgeb</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="colleagues">colleagues</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="exploring">exploring</span> <span word="atechnique">atechnique</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="optical">optical</span> <span word="coherence">coherence</span> <span word="tomography">tomography</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="allow">allow</span> <span word="skin">skin</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span> <span word="tobe">tobe</span> <span word="diagnosed">diagnosed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="situ">situ</span>. 正如他们在《生物医学快报》上所描述的那样，<span word="Leitgeb">Leitgeb</span>博士和他的同事正在探寻光学相干断层成像术。在他们看来，使用这种技术能在原皮肤上进行皮肤癌诊断。 <span word="OCT">OCT</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="optical">optical</span> <span word="echolocation">echolocation</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="sending">sending</span> <span word="infra">infra</span>-<span word="red">red</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="tissues">tissues</span> <span word="andanalysing">andanalysing</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="bounces">bounces</span> <span word="back">back</span>. <span word="OCT">OCT</span>的原理是光学回声定位，先向身体组织发射红外线， <span word="The">The</span> <span word="behaviour">behaviour</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reflected">reflected</span> <span word="rays">rays</span> <span word="yields">yields</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="structures">structures</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="collidedwith">collidedwith</span>. 然后再分析反射回来的红外线。 <span word="That">That</span>, <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Leitgeb">Leitgeb</span> <span word="hoped">hoped</span>, <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="generate">generate</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="map">map</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="features">features</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="beneath">beneath</span> <span word="thesurface">thesurface</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="skin">skin</span>. <span word="Leitgeb">Leitgeb</span>博士希望，这能用来绘制显示皮肤表面下特征的地图。 <span word="Similar">Similar</span> <span word="technology">technology</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="employed">employed</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="nearly">nearly</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="decades">decades</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="eye">eye</span> <span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Leitgebfelt">Leitgebfelt</span> <span word="that">that</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bit">bit</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="tinkering">tinkering</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="skin">skin</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span>. 相似的技术应用于眼科已有将近二十年的历史。<span word="Leitgeb">Leitgeb</span>博士认为，经过小小的改进，也能用于皮肤科。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="OCT">OCT</span> <span word="systems">systems</span> <span word="operated">operated</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="ophthalmologists">ophthalmologists</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="low">low</span>-<span word="power">power</span> <span word="lasers">lasers</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="lightwith">lightwith</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wavelength">wavelength</span> <span word="of">of</span> 850 <span word="nanometres">nanometres</span>. 眼科医生操作的<span word="OCT">OCT</span>系统使用的是低功率激光器，能够发出850纳米波长的光线，这刚好超出了眼睛视杆视锥层可感光的范围。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="beyond">beyond</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="range">range</span> <span word="detectable">detectable</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rods">rods</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="cones">cones</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="eye">eye</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="idealfor">idealfor</span> <span word="probing">probing</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="organ">organ</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="discomforting">discomforting</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="patient">patient</span>. 因此，既能够完成眼睛检查而又不给病人带来不适感，用这种激光再合适不过了。 <span word="Skin">Skin</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="insufficiently">insufficiently</span> <span word="transparent">transparent</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="wavelength">wavelength</span>, <span word="so">so</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Leitgeb">Leitgeb</span> <span word="hadto">hadto</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="it">it</span>. 但是，皮肤在这种波长下还不够透明，因此<span word="Leitgeb">Leitgeb</span>博士所要做的就是进行改变。 <span word="Another">Another</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="speed">speed</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="laser">laser</span> <span word="operates">operates</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="theophthalmological">theophthalmological</span> <span word="system">system</span>, <span word="images">images</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="built">built</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="series">series</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pulses">pulses</span>. 除此之外，还需要改变激光器发射的速度。眼科用的是脉冲成像的方法。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="laser">laser</span> <span word="sends">sends</span> <span word="in">in</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="returns">returns</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="device">device</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="theresolution">theresolution</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="resulting">resulting</span> <span word="image">image</span>. 激光器发射进去的激光越多，反射出来的光线也就越多，所成像的分辨率也就越高。 <span word="However">However</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="image">image</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="built">built</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="quickly">quickly</span>, <span word="otherwise">otherwise</span> <span word="movement">movement</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tissue">tissue</span> <span word="beingilluminated">beingilluminated</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="blur">blur</span> <span word="it">it</span>. 但是，必须迅速建构图像，否则受到照射的组织就会运动，使图像变得模糊不清。 <span word="For">For</span> <span word="eyes">eyes</span>, <span word="between">between</span> 20,000 <span word="and">and</span> 60,000 <span word="bursts">bursts</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="enough">enough</span>. 用于眼镜检查的脉冲每秒2万至6万就足够了。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="photograph">photograph</span> <span word="blood">blood</span> <span word="vessels">vessels</span> <span word="inside">inside</span> <span word="skin">skin</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Leitgeb">Leitgeb</span> <span word="knew">knew</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="needed">needed</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="theend">theend</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="commissioned">commissioned</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Ludwig">Ludwig</span>-<span word="Maximilians">Maximilians</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Germanyto">Germanyto</span> <span word="design">design</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="instrument">instrument</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="produces">produces</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wavelength">wavelength</span> <span word="of">of</span> 1,300 <span word="nanometres">nanometres</span> <span word="andhas">andhas</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="fire">fire</span> 440,000 <span word="pulses">pulses</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="second">second</span>. 博士最终委托德国慕尼黑大学的一个研究小组设计了能够每秒产生1300纳米波长、44万脉冲的激光器。 <span word="With">With</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="laser">laser</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="hand">hand</span>, <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Leitgeb">Leitgeb</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="colleagues">colleagues</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="letthem">letthem</span> <span word="test">test</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="range">range</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="skin">skin</span> <span word="conditions">conditions</span>, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="healthy">healthy</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="palm">palm</span>,<span word="allergy">allergy</span>-<span word="induced">induced</span> <span word="eczema">eczema</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="forearm">forearm</span>, <span word="inflammation">inflammation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="forehead">forehead</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="twopreviously">twopreviously</span> <span word="diagnosed">diagnosed</span> <span word="cases">cases</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="basal">basal</span>-<span word="cell">cell</span> <span word="carcinoma">carcinoma</span>. 有了新的激光器，<span word="Leitgeb">Leitgeb</span>博士和他的同事就开始进行实验，在不同状况的皮肤上测试人的器官系统，包括无任何疾病的手掌，前臂上过敏引起的湿疹皮肤，前额上有炎症的皮肤以及之前诊断过的两例基底细胞癌。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="expected">expected</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="normal">normal</span> <span word="blood">blood</span> <span word="vessels">vessels</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="healthy">healthy</span> <span word="palm">palm</span>, <span word="increased">increased</span> <span word="perfusion">perfusion</span> <span word="causedby">causedby</span> <span word="dilated">dilated</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="altered">altered</span> <span word="vessels">vessels</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="eczema">eczema</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="inflammation">inflammation</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="chaotic">chaotic</span> <span word="jumbleof">jumbleof</span> <span word="vessels">vessels</span> <span word="feeding">feeding</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cancers">cancers</span>. 他们期待看到的结果是：无疾病手掌下的血管是正常的;前臂上的湿疹和有炎症的前额下的血管由于扩张和形变造成了灌注量的增加;而为癌细胞供血的血管乱七八糟扭成一团。 <span word="And">And</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="exactly">exactly</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="see">see</span>. 他们所看到的结果也正是如此。 <span word="Moreover">Moreover</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="images">images</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="vessels">vessels</span> <span word="supplying">supplying</span> <span word="blood">blood</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tumours">tumours</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="toallow">toallow</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="calculate">calculate</span> <span word="blood">blood</span>-<span word="flow">flow</span> <span word="rates">rates</span>. 此外，供血给肿瘤的血管的图像十分清晰，他们还能计算出血流流速。 <span word="That">That</span>, <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Leitgeb">Leitgeb</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span>, <span word="could">could</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="treatment">treatment</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="allowing">allowing</span> <span word="doctors">doctors</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="identify">identify</span> <span word="thetimes">thetimes</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="development">development</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="tumours">tumours</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="vulnerable">vulnerable</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="starvation">starvation</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="havingtheir">havingtheir</span> <span word="blood">blood</span> <span word="supply">supply</span> <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="off">off</span>. 博士认为，这对治疗也有帮助：医生能通过该方式鉴定肿瘤发展中最易因切断血液供给而饿死的阶段。 词语解释 1.<span word="good">good</span> <span word="at">at</span> 善于 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="listener">listener</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="asking">asking</span> <span word="questions">questions</span>. 一个好的聆听者应该善于问问题。 <span word="Don">Don</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="m">m</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="it">it</span>? 你不认为我很擅长玩这个吗? 2.<span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="out">out</span> 停止;裁剪 <span word="Cut">Cut</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="everything">everything</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="ve">ve</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="meaningful">meaningful</span> <span word="story">story</span>. 将一切非必需的东西删去，你才能提炼出更有意义的故事。 <span word="First">First</span> <span word="off">off</span>, <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="background">background</span> <span word="head">head</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="one">one</span>. 首先，删除背景中的旧脑袋，这样我们能更好地在新脑袋上作调整。 3.<span word="hope">hope</span> <span word="to">to</span> 希望 <span word="Democrats">Democrats</span> <span word="hope">hope</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="finish">finish</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="draft">draft</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="week">week</span>. 民主党人士希望在一周内完成该草案。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="hope">hope</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="prince">prince</span> <span word="charming">charming</span> <span word="soon">soon</span>. 我真希望能早点找到我的白马王子。 4.<span word="use">use</span> <span word="to">to</span> 过去常常 <span word="Mining">Mining</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="polluted">polluted</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="mercury">mercury</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="miners">miners</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="separate">separate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="metal">metal</span> <span word="fromriver">fromriver</span> <span word="sediment">sediment</span>. 但开采者常用来从河沙中分离黄金的水银也导致了河水的污染。 <span word="What">What</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="speak">speak</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="someone">someone</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="mexico">mexico</span>? 你和墨西哥人交谈的话用哪种语言呢?</p>
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