人类的进化
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Human">Human</span> <span word="evolution">evolution</span> 人类的进化 <span word="Ask">Ask</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="family">family</span> 寻根问祖 <span word="Human">Human</span> <span word="ancestry">ancestry</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="complicated">complicated</span> 人类祖先之谜变得愈加复杂了 <span word="ONE">ONE</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="oddest">oddest</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="Homo">Homo</span> <span word="sapiens">sapiens</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="alone">alone</span>. 有关智人的最奇怪的事情之一就是他们在人类的进化史上十分孤独。 <span word="Though">Though</span> <span word="storytellers">storytellers</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="filled">filled</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="imaginary">imaginary</span> <span word="hominidsfrom">hominidsfrom</span> <span word="woodland">woodland</span> <span word="pixies">pixies</span> <span word="tomountain">tomountain</span> <span word="giantsno">giantsno</span> <span word="sign">sign</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="ever">ever</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="seen">seen</span>. 尽管故事家们想象出了许多人种来丰富这个世界，从森林里的小精灵到山上的巨人等等，但人们却从未找到能证明这些人种真实存在的迹象。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="true">true</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span>. 但从过去来看，这样的说法并不正确。 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="recently">recently</span> <span word="as">as</span> 40,000 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Earth">Earth</span>:<span word="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hobbits">hobbits</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Flores">Flores</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Indonesia">Indonesia</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="recently">recently</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="stillmysterious">stillmysterious</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="creatures">creatures</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Denisovans">Denisovans</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="lived">lived</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Central">Central</span> <span word="Asia">Asia</span>. 早在4万年前，地球上还存在另外三个人种：欧洲的尼安德塔人，印度尼西亚佛洛里斯岛上的霍比特人，以及最近才发现的一个叫丹尼索瓦人的神秘人种，该人种曾居住在亚洲中部。 <span word="And">And</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="diversity">diversity</span> <span word="existed">existed</span> <span word="earlier">earlier</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="history">history</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="littleunder">littleunder</span> 2<span word="m">m</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Africa">Africa</span>. 而现在，人们在非洲又找到了另一个人种存在的证据，该人种在人类进化史上出现的时间更早，距今约不到200万年。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span>, <span word="just">just</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Nature">Nature</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="provided">provided</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Meave">Meave</span> <span word="Leakeyof">Leakeyof</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Turkana">Turkana</span> <span word="Basin">Basin</span> <span word="Institute">Institute</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Nairobi">Nairobi</span>, <span word="Kenya">Kenya</span>. 这些发表在《自然》杂志上的证据是由肯尼亚首都内罗毕的图尔卡纳盆地研究所的一个研究小组提供的。 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Leakey">Leakey</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="member">member</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="illustrious">illustrious</span> <span word="palaeontological">palaeontological</span> <span word="clan">clan</span>. 该研究小组的领导人米芙利基来自一个著名的古生物学研究家族， <span word="Her">Her</span> <span word="husband">husband</span>, <span word="Richard">Richard</span>, <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1967 <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="area">area</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="Lake">Lake</span> <span word="Turkana">Turkana</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="placeto">placeto</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="fossils">fossils</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="finds">finds</span> <span word="there">there</span>; <span word="Richard">Richard</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="parents">parents</span>, <span word="Louis">Louis</span> <span word="andMary">andMary</span>, <span word="had">had</span> <span word="earlier">earlier</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="responsible">responsible</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="showing">showing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="true">true</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Olduvai">Olduvai</span> <span word="Gorge">Gorge</span> <span word="inTanzania">inTanzania</span>; <span word="and">and</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1999 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Leakey">Leakey</span> <span word="herself">herself</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="hominid">hominid</span>, <span word="calledKenyanthropus">calledKenyanthropus</span> <span word="platyops">platyops</span>. 1967年，她的丈夫理查德发现图尔卡纳湖附近区域是一块寻找人类化石的好地方，并在那里取得了许多重要发现。理查德的父母路易斯和玛丽曾在早些时候负责坦桑尼亚奥杜瓦伊峡谷的人类化石发掘工作。米芙?利基博士本人曾在1999年发现了一个叫肯尼亚平脸人的新人种， <span word="At">At</span> 3.5<span word="m">m</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</span> <span word="predates">predates</span> <span word="Homo">Homo</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="genus">genus</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="humansbelong">humansbelong</span>. <span word="Her">Her</span> <span word="latest">latest</span> <span word="discoveries">discoveries</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="add">add</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="genus">genus</span>, <span word="too">too</span>. 该人种距今已有350万年，其出现时间比现代人所属的智人还早。而她最新取得的发现成果又给这一人种增添了新成员。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="studying">studying</span> <span word="humanity">humanity</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="fossil">fossil</span> <span word="record">record</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="sparse">sparse</span>: <span word="a">a</span> <span word="jawbone">jawbone</span> <span word="here">here</span>; <span word="abraincase">abraincase</span> <span word="there">there</span>. 研究人类化石记录最大的问题是资源稀缺， <span word="Often">Often</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="bones">bones</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span>. 总是这儿一块颚骨，那儿一块头骨。 <span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="multiple">multiple</span> <span word="examples">examples</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="type">type</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="bone">bone</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="mislead">mislead</span>. 而且研究者通常很难分辨它们是否来自同一人种。 <span word="What">What</span> <span word="looks">looks</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="male">male</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="female">female</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="one">one</span>. 即便是同一人种，不同样本也会给人带来误导，两块看起来像是来自不同人种的骨头实际上可能分属于同一人种的男性和女性。 <span word="Such">Such</span> <span word="confusion">confusion</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="bedevilled">bedevilled</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="interpretation">interpretation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="fossils">fossils</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="near">near</span> <span word="LakeTurkana">LakeTurkana</span>. 这种极易混淆的情况一直困扰着那些想要解读图尔卡纳湖附近人类化石的研究者们。 <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="palaeontologists">palaeontologists</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="single">single</span>, <span word="variable">variable</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="Homo">Homo</span> <span word="habilis">habilis</span>. 有一些古生物学家认为人种是单一的，即只有能人一种，其他人种都是能人的变异体。 <span word="Others">Others</span> <span word="add">add</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="second">second</span>, <span word="Homo">Homo</span> <span word="rudolfensis">rudolfensis</span>. 而另外一些古生物学家则认为除能人之外还有第二个人种，即卢尔多夫人。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="fossils">fossils</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Leakey">Leakey</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="may">may</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="help">help</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="goingon">goingon</span>. 而利基博士与她的团队最新发现的人类化石或许可以帮忙理清这些人种之间的关系。 <span word="One">One</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="specimens">specimens</span>, <span word="known">known</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="KMN">KMN</span>-<span word="ER">ER</span> 62000, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="face">face</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="type">type</span> <span word="specimen">specimen</span> <span word="ofHomo">ofHomo</span> <span word="rudolfensis">rudolfensis</span>, <span word="though">though</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="adolescent">adolescent</span>, <span word="whereas">whereas</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="type">type</span> <span word="specimen">specimen</span> <span word="isan">isan</span> <span word="adult">adult</span>. 这些新发现的样本中有一个被标为<span word="KMN">KMN</span>-<span word="ER">ER</span> 62000的新样本，其脸型与卢尔多夫人样本的脸型相似， <span word="Crucially">Crucially</span>, 62000 <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="reasonably">reasonably</span> <span word="well">well</span>-<span word="preserved">preserved</span> <span word="upper">upper</span> <span word="jaw">jaw</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="type">type</span> <span word="specimen">specimen</span> <span word="lacks">lacks</span>. 尽管62000样本看起来像是来自一个青少年，而卢尔多夫人化石样本则属于一个成年人。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="computer">computer</span> <span word="reconstruction">reconstruction</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="upper">upper</span> <span word="jaw">jaw</span> <span word="meshes">meshes</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="DrLeakey">DrLeakey</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="discoveries">discoveries</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lower">lower</span> <span word="jaw">jaw</span>. 关键是，62000样本拥有一个保存尚算完好的上颌，而这正是这一类型的样本所缺少的。 <span word="She">She</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="suggesting">suggesting</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="individual">individual</span>, <span word="since">since</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="ages">ages</span>, <span word="butthey">butthey</span> <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="species">species</span>, <span word="namely">namely</span> <span word="Homo">Homo</span> <span word="rudolfensis">rudolfensis</span>. 一张电脑重建图显示这一上颌与利基博士发现的第二个人种的一个下颌样本十分吻合。由于两块骨头分属两个年龄不同的人，因此利基博士并不认为这两块骨头是来自同一个人的，但看起来这两块骨头的主人属于同一人种，即卢尔多夫人。 <span word="Equally">Equally</span> <span word="significantly">significantly</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="computer">computer</span> <span word="reconstruction">reconstruction</span> <span word="shows">shows</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="upper">upper</span> <span word="jaw">jaw</span> <span word="of">of</span> 62000<span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="match">match</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="famous">famous</span> <span word="fossil">fossil</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="area">area</span>, <span word="known">known</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="KMN">KMN</span>-<span word="ER">ER</span> 1802. 同样重要的是，另一张电脑重建图显示，62000样本的上颌与<span word="KMN">KMN</span>-<span word="ER">ER</span> 1802样本并不吻合。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1973 <span word="and">and</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="previously">previously</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lower">lower</span> <span word="jaw">jaw</span> <span word="ofrudolfensis">ofrudolfensis</span>. <span word="KMN">KMN</span>-<span word="ER">ER</span> 1802这块有名的样本化石同样来自这个地区，1973年人们发现它时曾认为这块下颌骨可能属于卢尔多夫人种。 <span word="What">What</span> 1802 <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="is">is</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="obscure">obscure</span>. 现在人们仍旧无法弄清1802样本到底属于哪个人种。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="chain">chain</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reasoning">reasoning</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="shape">shape</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Homorudolfensis">Homorudolfensis</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="explained">explained</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="sexual">sexual</span> <span word="dimorphism">dimorphism</span>, <span word="unless">unless</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sexes">sexes</span> <span word="differed">differed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="inways">inways</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="primate">primate</span>. 这一推理链认为它是卢尔多夫人，并以人种的两性差异来解释其外形差异;但这一差异实在太大，除非这一人种的两性差异在其他灵长类动物中见所未见方能自圆其说。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="previous">previous</span> <span word="attribution">attribution</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="Homo">Homo</span> <span word="habiliseither">habiliseither</span>. 但之前人们之所以将其归为卢尔多夫人种是因为它看起来也并不像是能人的下颌。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="two">two</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="possibly">possibly</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Homo">Homo</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="stalking">stalking</span> <span word="theeast">theeast</span>-<span word="African">African</span> <span word="savannah">savannah</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="under">under</span> 2<span word="m">m</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>: <span word="habilis">habilis</span>, <span word="rudolfensis">rudolfensis</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="yetunnamed">yetunnamed</span>. 这样看起，在距今不到200万年前，曾有三个人种在东非大草原上生活过：能人，卢尔多夫人，以及一个尚未被命名的人种。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="intertwining">intertwining</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="family">family</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Leakey">Leakey</span> <span word="family">family</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="evenmore">evenmore</span> <span word="complicated">complicated</span>. 利基家族一直都致力于研究人类大家族的历史，现在二者之间的关系交织在一起，使历史更加复杂了。 词语解释 1.<span word="look">look</span> <span word="for">for</span> 寻找 <span word="Look">Look</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="odd">odd</span> <span word="jobs">jobs</span>. 找第二份工作或者做零工。 <span word="Always">Always</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="improve">improve</span>. 总是寻找不同的方法改进。 2.<span word="responsible">responsible</span> <span word="for">for</span> 为负责，是造成的原因 <span word="One">One</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="responsible">responsible</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="employee">employee</span> <span word="orientation">orientation</span>. 应当有一个人负责新员工的培训。 <span word="South">South</span> <span word="korea">korea</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="cabinet">cabinet</span>-<span word="level">level</span> <span word="ministry">ministry</span> <span word="responsible">responsible</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="gender">gender</span> <span word="equality">equality</span>. 韩国设立了专门负责性别平等问题的内阁部门。 3.<span word="add">add</span> <span word="to">to</span> 增加,加强 <span word="What">What</span> <span word="provisions">provisions</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="add">add</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="one">one</span>? 你会为再添加什么乐观信条吗? <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="obama">obama</span> <span word="offers">offers</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="add">add</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="complexity">complexity</span>. 奥巴马的提议却只会增加它的复杂性。 4.<span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="up">up</span> 治疗;处理;解释 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="wonder">wonder</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="ll">ll</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="up">up</span>. 不知道什么时候能放晴。 <span word="One">One</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="american">american</span> <span word="legislation">legislation</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="try">try</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="owns">owns</span> <span word="edr">edr</span> <span word="data">data</span>. 美国法律将会澄清的一件事情是谁拥有事故数据记录器的数据。</p>
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