社会地位与健康
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Social">Social</span> <span word="status">status</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="health">health</span> 社会地位与健康 <span word="Misery">Misery</span> <span word="index">index</span> 贫困指数 <span word="Low">Low</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="status">status</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="bad">bad</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="health">health</span>. <span word="Biologistsare">Biologistsare</span> <span word="starting">starting</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="understand">understand</span> <span word="why">why</span> 社会地位低对身体不好，生物学家开始理解此中的奥秘 <span word="ONCE">ONCE</span> <span word="upon">upon</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="overstressed">overstressed</span> <span word="executive">executive</span> <span word="bellowing">bellowing</span> <span word="orders">orders</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="telephone">telephone</span>, <span word="cancellingmeetings">cancellingmeetings</span>, <span word="staying">staying</span> <span word="late">late</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="office">office</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="dying">dying</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="heart">heart</span> <span word="attack">attack</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="stereotype">stereotype</span> <span word="ofmodernity">ofmodernity</span>. 曾今，人们对现代化的一个根深蒂固的印象是，领导们在巨大压力的折磨之下，对着电话狂吼，下达命令，取消会议，待在办公室到很晚，最后死于心脏病。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Whitehall">Whitehall</span> <span word="studies">studies</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="series">series</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="investigations">investigations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="British">British</span> <span word="civil">civil</span> <span word="servants">servants</span> <span word="begunin">begunin</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1960<span word="s">s</span>. 可是，自1960年代开始的英国白厅对英国政治家们展开的一系列调查之后，这种印象开始改变， <span word="These">These</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="truth">truth</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="precisely">precisely</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="opposite">opposite</span>. 因为调查发现事实却完全不是那么回事。 <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="top">top</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pecking">pecking</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="stressful">stressful</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="healthylives">healthylives</span>. 实际上处于社会高层的人们承受的压力最小，生活最健康。 <span word="Cardiac">Cardiac</span> <span word="arrestand">arrestand</span>, <span word="indeed">indeed</span>, <span word="early">early</span> <span word="death">death</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="causeis">causeis</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="prerogative">prerogative</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="underlings">underlings</span>. 心跳骤停而且，确实是，不管是出于什么原因的早死那都是做下属的才有的事。 <span word="Such">Such</span> <span word="results">results</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="confirmed">confirmed</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="times">times</span>, <span word="both">both</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="societies">societies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="otherprimate">otherprimate</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="hierarchies">hierarchies</span>. 在人类社会，还有等级严格的其他的灵长类物种中，都已多次验证这种结果的正确性。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="whereas">whereas</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pattern">pattern</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="well">well</span>-<span word="understood">understood</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="biological">biological</span> <span word="mechanisms">mechanisms</span> <span word="underlying">underlying</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="arenot">arenot</span>. 但是，虽然这种模式很容易理解，潜在的生物学机制却并不这么认为。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Proceedings">Proceedings</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="National">National</span> <span word="Academy">Academy</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Sciences">Sciences</span>, <span word="however">however</span>,<span word="sheds">sheds</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="matter">matter</span>. 杂志《国家科学院》最新出版的专题里，对此现象有相关阐述。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Jenny">Jenny</span> <span word="Tung">Tung</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Yoav">Yoav</span> <span word="Gilad">Gilad</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Chicagolooked">Chicagolooked</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="status">status</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="rhesus">rhesus</span> <span word="macaques">macaques</span>. 专题里，詹妮东和要吉拉德领导的研究小组在芝加哥大学，研究地位之于恒河猴的影响。 <span word="Experience">Experience</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="shown">shown</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="monkeys">monkeys</span> <span word="display">display</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="simian">simian</span> <span word="equivalent">equivalent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Whitehallstudies">Whitehallstudies</span> <span word="findings">findings</span>. 实验经过表明，这些猴子所表现出来的是英国白厅研究发现的猴子版本。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="disease">disease</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bottom">bottom</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heap">heap</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="cases">cases</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="thatbiochemical">thatbiochemical</span> <span word="responses">responses</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="low">low</span> <span word="status">status</span> <span word="affect">affect</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="creature">creature</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="immune">immune</span> <span word="system">system</span>. 社会地位低的患病风险高，这既适用于人类界也同样适用于猴子。这暗示了社会地位低的物种的生物化学反应影响其免疫系统。 <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="responses">responses</span> <span word="must">must</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="turn">turn</span>, <span word="depend">depend</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="creatures">creatures</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="areexpressed">areexpressed</span>. 反过来，这种生物化学反应又取决于物种生物基因的变化方式。 <span word="To">To</span> <span word="investigate">investigate</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="phenomenon">phenomenon</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="manipulating">manipulating</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="hierarchies">hierarchies</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="behard">behard</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="beings">beings</span>. 若要调查这种现象，那就意味着需要控制社会等级，在人类身上进行，很困难。 <span word="You">You</span> <span word="can">can</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="do">do</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="monkeys">monkeys</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="did">did</span>. 但是，你可以在猴子身上做实验，而且研究人员也是这么做的。 <span word="Unhappy">Unhappy</span> <span word="minds">minds</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="unhealthy">unhealthy</span> <span word="bodies">bodies</span> 不健康的身体，不快乐的心情 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Tung">Tung</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Gilad">Gilad</span> <span word="took">took</span> 49 <span word="middle">middle</span>-<span word="ranking">ranking</span> <span word="female">female</span> <span word="macaques">macaques</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="split">split</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="groups">groups</span> <span word="offour">offour</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="five">five</span>. 博士东和吉拉德，用49个中等地位等级的女性猴子做实验，并把他们分为四到五组。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="ranked">ranked</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="inwhich">inwhich</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="introduced">introduced</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="group">group</span>. 根据猴子们加入研究群体的时间顺序，研究人员给她们的地位等级编号。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="hierarchies">hierarchies</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="established">established</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="conducted">conducted</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="monkeys">monkeys</span> <span word="blood">blood</span>,<span word="in">in</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="attempt">attempt</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="determine">determine</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="macaque">macaque</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="rank">rank</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="biochemistry">biochemistry</span> <span word="and">and</span>, <span word="inparticular">inparticular</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="rank">rank</span> <span word="influences">influences</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="activity">activity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="various">various</span> <span word="genes">genes</span>. 等级于是得以建立。研究团队采集猴子血液做细胞研究，试图搞清楚恒河猴的地位等级对其生物化学的影响，特别是地位等级是如何对各种基因活动起作用的。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="answer">answer</span> <span word="is">is</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span>. 研究结果有很多。 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Tung">Tung</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Gilad">Gilad</span> <span word="looked">looked</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="expression">expression</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="animal">animal</span> <span word="of">of</span> 6,097 <span word="genes">genes</span>. 每个动物有6097个基因，博士东和吉拉德观察每个动物的基因，寻找社会等级与基因活动之间的相互关系。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="searching">searching</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="correlations">correlations</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="rank">rank</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="gene">gene</span> <span word="activity">activity</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="in">in</span> 987<span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="one">one</span>. 在987个基因中，他们找到了一个。 <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="active">active</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="high">high</span>-<span word="ranking">ranking</span> <span word="individuals">individuals</span>; <span word="others">others</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="active">active</span> <span word="inlow">inlow</span>-<span word="ranking">ranking</span> <span word="ones">ones</span>. 某些基因在等级高的个体中更活跃，而其他的基因则活跃于等级低的个体中。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="relationship">relationship</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="robust">robust</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="round">round</span>, <span word="too">too</span>. 这一结果很牢靠，倒过来看也成立。 <span word="Given">Given</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="blood">blood</span> <span word="sample">sample</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="information">information</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="predict">predict</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="sstatus">sstatus</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="accuracy">accuracy</span> <span word="of">of</span> 80%. 只提供血液样本而没有其他相关信息，就可以预测个体在群体里的地位等级，且精确度达到80%。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="do">do</span>. 下一个问题，所有这些基因，真正起的是什么作用。 <span word="Sure">Sure</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="answer">answer</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="substantial">substantial</span> <span word="fraction">fraction</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span>, <span word="was">was</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="regulateaspects">regulateaspects</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="immune">immune</span> <span word="system">system</span>. 答案很显然，对大部分基因而言，它们起着调节着免疫系统的作用。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="particular">particular</span>, <span word="low">low</span>-<span word="status">status</span> <span word="individuals">individuals</span> <span word="showed">showed</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="levels">levels</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="activity">activity</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="genes">genes</span> <span word="associated">associated</span> <span word="withthe">withthe</span> <span word="production">production</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="various">various</span> <span word="immune">immune</span>-<span word="related">related</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="signalling">signalling</span> <span word="factors">factors</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="asthose">asthose</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="inflammation">inflammation</span>. 这非常明显地体现在，社会地位低的个体，产生各种与免疫相关的细胞和化学信号基因的活动更为明显，还有那些有关于炎症的基因。 <span word="Although">Although</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="explicitly">explicitly</span> <span word="examine">examine</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="simian">simian</span> <span word="charges">charges</span>,<span word="chronic">chronic</span>, <span word="generalised">generalised</span> <span word="inflammation">inflammation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="factor">factor</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="people">people</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="list">list</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ailmentsranging">ailmentsranging</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="heart">heart</span> <span word="trouble">trouble</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Alzheimer">Alzheimer</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="disease">disease</span>. 虽然研究人员没有仔细分析参与实验的猴子们的健康状况，但是慢性的、全身性的炎症对猴子们来说是危险因素，人类的部分，就是从心脏病到老年痴呆症等一大长系列疾病。 <span word="Finally">Finally</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="investigated">investigated</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mechanisms">mechanisms</span> <span word="behind">behind</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="differences">differences</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="gene">gene</span> <span word="expression">expression</span>. 最后，研究小组用基因表达调查造成这些不同的机理原因。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="keeping">keeping</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="previous">previous</span> <span word="work">work</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="high">high</span>-<span word="and">and</span> <span word="low">low</span>-<span word="rank">rank</span> <span word="individuals">individuals</span> <span word="showeddifferent">showeddifferent</span> <span word="levels">levels</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="responsiveness">responsiveness</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="hormones">hormones</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="glucocorticoids">glucocorticoids</span>, <span word="whichregulate">whichregulate</span> <span word="immune">immune</span>-<span word="system">system</span> <span word="activity">activity</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="response">response</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="stress">stress</span>. 与之前工作结果一致，他们发现地位高和地位低的个体，对被称为糖皮质激素的一组基因，表现出的反应级别不一样。糖皮质激素控制免疫系统活动和对压力的反应。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mix">mix</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="animals">animals</span> <span word="immune">immune</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="itself">itself</span>. 同时他们发现，在动物免疫系统自身，混合细胞有发生改变。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="new">new</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="intriguing">intriguing</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="aphenomenon">aphenomenon</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="epigenetic">epigenetic</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="work">work</span>. 但是最为新奇的是，他们头一次发现了后天改变在起作用的证据。 <span word="Epigeneticscurrently">Epigeneticscurrently</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="molecular">molecular</span> <span word="biology">biology</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="hottest">hottest</span> <span word="topicsis">topicsis</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="genesare">genesare</span> <span word="activated">activated</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="deactivated">deactivated</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="presence">presence</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="absence">absence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="structures">structures</span> <span word="calledmethyl">calledmethyl</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="acetyl">acetyl</span> <span word="groups">groups</span>. 表现遗传学目前分子生物学最热的话题之一是这样一个过程，基因的激活或是失效取决于被称为甲基和乙酰基的化学结构的存在或是消失。 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Tung">Tung</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Gilad">Gilad</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="methylation">methylation</span> <span word="patterns">patterns</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="systematically">systematically</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="high">high</span>-<span word="and">and</span> <span word="low">low</span>-<span word="ranking">ranking</span> <span word="animals">animals</span>. 博士东和吉拉德发现甲基模式在地位高级和地位低级的动物之间是不一样的，且这种不一样是系统性的不一样。 <span word="Crucially">Crucially</span>, <span word="these">these</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="generally">generally</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="daughter">daughter</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="produced">produced</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="celldivides">celldivides</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="perpetuated">perpetuated</span> <span word="throughout">throughout</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="animal">animal</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="life">life</span>. 至关重要的一点是，这些变化一般在细胞分裂的同时传递给子细胞，因此这些变化将贯穿动物的一生。 <span word="To">To</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="extent">extent</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="epigenetic">epigenetic</span> <span word="marking">marking</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="involved">involved</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="creating">creating</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="status">status</span>, <span word="then">then</span>, <span word="statusmay">statusmay</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="maintained">maintained</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="animal">animal</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="replicate">replicate</span>. 从此意义上讲，后天标记参与社会地位的形成，社会地位的维持靠动物细胞的复制。 <span word="Destiny">Destiny</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="child">child</span>? 命运的产物? <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="progress">progress</span> <span word="will">will</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="be">be</span> <span word="pleased">pleased</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="epigenetics">epigenetics</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="notnecessarily">notnecessarily</span> <span word="destiny">destiny</span>. 但是，相信事物是发展变化的人们会很高兴，因为表现遗传学并不是上天注定，难以改变的。 <span word="Methyl">Methyl</span> <span word="groups">groups</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="maintain">maintain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="status">status</span> <span word="quo">quo</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="status">status</span> <span word="quo">quo</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="interrupted">interrupted</span> <span word="byoutside">byoutside</span> <span word="events">events</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="wiped">wiped</span> <span word="away">away</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="place">place</span>. 甲基或许可以帮助维持现状，但是如果外来事件打断了它，那么甲基将被移除，新的一批上任。 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Tung">Tung</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Gilad">Gilad</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="monkeys">monkeys</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="statuswithin">statuswithin</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="groups">groups</span>. 博士东和吉拉德能够发现了这一点，是因为，参与实验的几个猴子确实改变了她们在群体中的地位等级。 <span word="When">When</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="happened">happened</span>, <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="gene">gene</span> <span word="expression">expression</span> <span word="appropriate">appropriate</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="status">status</span> <span word="quicklyfollowed">quicklyfollowed</span>. 地位等级一旦发生改变，与之相应的基因表达随即改变。 <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="break">break</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="lowly">lowly</span> <span word="station">station</span>, <span word="then">then</span>, <span word="may">may</span> <span word="begin">begin</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reap">reap</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="healthbenefits">healthbenefits</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="immediately">immediately</span>. 那些确实改变了它们之前卑贱地位的猴子们，身体状况几乎都立刻获得改善。 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="animal">animal</span> <span word="study">study</span>, <span word="this">this</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="simply">simply</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="mapped">mapped</span> <span word="straight">straight</span> <span word="onto">onto</span> <span word="humans">humans</span>. 不管以什么动物为研究对象，结果都不能直接简单地运用于人类，这个也不例外。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="pointers">pointers</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="use">use</span>. 但它确实给研究人类的学者们提供了一些建议。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="particular">particular</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span> <span word="ensured">ensured</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="rank">rank</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="factor">factor</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="changed">changed</span>,<span word="providing">providing</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="chain">chain</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="causality">causality</span> <span word="runs">runs</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="low">low</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="status">status</span>, <span word="througha">througha</span> <span word="disrupted">disrupted</span> <span word="immune">immune</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="worse">worse</span> <span word="health">health</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="around">around</span>. 该实验的独特之处是，它确保了实验中社会等级是唯一发生改变的因素。它为因果关系链的正确模式提供了一个强有力的证据，正确模式是低等的社会等级通过被破坏了的免疫系统损害健康。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span>, <span word="then">then</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="promotion">promotion</span>. <span word="Prosper">Prosper</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="live">live</span> <span word="long">long</span>. 而不是反过来的顺序。晋升是疗效最好的药物。因为成功，所以活得长久。 词语解释 1.<span word="start">start</span> <span word="to">to</span> 开始 <span word="When">When</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="start">start</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="change">change</span>? 那么这种情况是什么时候开始改变的? <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="start">start</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="august">august</span> <span word="trading">trading</span> <span word="since">since</span> 1934. 这是1934年以来8月份最好的股市开局。 2.<span word="response">response</span> <span word="to">to</span> 对的反应 <span word="Public">Public</span> <span word="response">response</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="discounting">discounting</span> <span word="appeared">appeared</span> <span word="mixed">mixed</span>. 公众对这次价格战的反应褒贬不一。 <span word="Albert">Albert</span> <span word="oversaw">oversaw</span> <span word="monaco">monaco</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="response">response</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="g">g</span>20. 阿尔贝亲自负责摩纳哥对<span word="g">g</span>20的回应。 3.<span word="depend">depend</span> <span word="on">on</span> 依赖;相信;信赖 <span word="Few">Few</span> <span word="non">non</span>-<span word="profits">profits</span> <span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="depend">depend</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="volunteers">volunteers</span>. 没有几个非营利机构工资丰厚，很多还要依靠志愿者。 <span word="You">You</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="depend">depend</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="newspaper">newspaper</span>. 你可以依赖这家报纸。 4.<span word="split">split</span> <span word="into">into</span> 分成 <span word="Its">Its</span> <span word="evolution">evolution</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="crudely">crudely</span> <span word="split">split</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="periods">periods</span>. 它的发展可以大致分成三个阶段。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="eventually">eventually</span> <span word="split">split</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="segments">segments</span>, <span word="relegating">relegating</span> <span word="distinct">distinct</span> <span word="roles">roles</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="tasks">tasks</span>. 帮会最终分裂成三个阵营，归入不同的任务和角色。</p>
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