公民自由
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Civil">Civil</span> <span word="liberties">liberties</span> 公民自由 <span word="Robocops">Robocops</span> 机械战警 <span word="Rise">Rise</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Warrior">Warrior</span> <span word="Cop">Cop</span>: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Militarisation">Militarisation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Police">Police</span> <span word="Forces">Forces</span>. <span word="By">By</span> <span word="Radley">Radley</span> <span word="Balko">Balko</span>. 《战警的崛起：美国警力军事化》 <span word="RADLEY">RADLEY</span> <span word="BALKO">BALKO</span> <span word="S">S</span> <span word="writing">writing</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="read">read</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="civil">civil</span> <span word="liberties">liberties</span>. <span word="Radley">Radley</span> <span word="Balko">Balko</span>长期以来撰写公民自由类的文章，对这方面感兴趣的读者一定有所耳闻。 <span word="First">First</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Cato">Cato</span> <span word="Institute">Institute</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="libertarian">libertarian</span> <span word="think">think</span>-<span word="tank">tank</span>, <span word="then">then</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="blog">blog</span>, <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Agitator">Agitator</span>,<span word="now">now</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Huffington">Huffington</span> <span word="Post">Post</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="written">written</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="criminal">criminal</span>-<span word="justice">justice</span> <span word="policy">policy</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="focus">focus</span> <span word="onpolice">onpolice</span> <span word="abuses">abuses</span>: <span word="not">not</span> <span word="corruption">corruption</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="excesses">excesses</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="inherent">inherent</span> <span word="inordinary">inordinary</span> <span word="policing">policing</span>. 他先供职于有美国自由者智囊团称号的卡托研究所，然后专心撰写自己的博客煽动者。现在，他是赫芬顿邮报的一名记者，撰写罪犯公正政策类的文章，主要切入点为警察的虐待问题，相对于腐败来说，这个问题是一般执法中固有的问题，而且十分普遍。 <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Balko">Balko</span> <span word="manages">manages</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="avoid">avoid</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="clichs">clichs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="right">right</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="left">left</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="provokes">provokes</span> <span word="genuine">genuine</span> <span word="outrageat">outrageat</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="misuse">misuse</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="brutal">brutal</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="unaccountable">unaccountable</span> <span word="form">form</span>. <span word="Balko">Balko</span>成功地绕过了左派或右派的陈词滥调，激起民众对公共权力滥用的深刻愤慨。这种渎职行为是极为残酷且无法量化的。 <span word="Heavily">Heavily</span> <span word="armed">armed</span> <span word="police">police</span> <span word="raiding">raiding</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="homes">homes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="unarmed">unarmed</span>, <span word="non">non</span>-<span word="violent">violent</span> <span word="suspects">suspects</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="flimsiest">flimsiest</span> <span word="ofpretexts">ofpretexts</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="behaving">behaving</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="occupying">occupying</span> <span word="army">army</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="hostile">hostile</span> <span word="territory">territory</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="guardians">guardians</span> <span word="ofpublic">ofpublic</span> <span word="safety">safety</span>. 全副武装的警察闯进手嫌疑犯的家里，这些人无缚鸡之力，仅仅是因为警方臆想的罪责就被当做凶残的恐怖分子一样。这些警察全然没有公共卫士的形象。 <span word="Rise">Rise</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Warrior">Warrior</span> <span word="Cop">Cop</span>, <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Balko">Balko</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="interesting">interesting</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="book">book</span>, <span word="explains">explains</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="policies">policies</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="themilitarisation">themilitarisation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="police">police</span>. <span word="Balko">Balko</span>第一本有意思的书名为战警的崛起，书中介绍了什么样的政策导致了美国警察的军事化。 <span word="To">To</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="credit">credit</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="focuses">focuses</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="outrage">outrage</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="police">police</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="politicians">politicians</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="thephoney">thephoney</span>, <span word="wasteful">wasteful</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="created">created</span>. 他在书中表示，他并不对警察本身感到愤怒，而是对政治家和制造了无用的毒品战的骗子们感到愤怒。 <span word="After">After</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="obligatory">obligatory</span> <span word="backward">backward</span> <span word="glances">glances</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="colonial">colonial</span> <span word="erain">erain</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sort">sort</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="socialshaming">socialshaming</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="small">small</span>, <span word="homogeneous">homogeneous</span> <span word="communities">communities</span> <span word="obviated">obviated</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="standingpolice">standingpolice</span> <span word="forcesand">forcesand</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="civil">civil</span> <span word="war">war</span>, <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Balko">Balko</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="story">story</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="begins">begins</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="SupremeCourt">SupremeCourt</span> <span word="s">s</span> 1963 <span word="ruling">ruling</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Ker">Ker</span> <span word="v">v</span> <span word="California">California</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="allowed">allowed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="police">police</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="enter">enter</span> <span word="someone">someone</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="homewithout">homewithout</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="warrant">warrant</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="knocking">knocking</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="announcing">announcing</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span>. 作者必要地回顾了一下殖民地时期，在当时，战警的现象还只是存在于小而均匀的社区中，为的是消除常规警力的必要。同时，书中还回顾了美国的内战时期。而<span word="Balko">Balko</span>真正要记叙的则是从1963年最高法院的建立开始的。当时的最高法院坐落于加州，法院允许警察不经批准进入居民家中，他们甚至不需要敲门或提前通知。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="series">series</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="rulings">rulings</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="gutted">gutted</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Fourth">Fourth</span> <span word="Amendment">Amendment</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="protectionagainst">protectionagainst</span> <span word="unreasonable">unreasonable</span> <span word="searches">searches</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="seizures">seizures</span>. 这是漫长统治时期中第一个破坏第四修正案中保护无正当理由搜查和逮捕条款的做法。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="upheaval">upheaval</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1960<span word="s">s</span> <span word="caught">caught</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="attention">attention</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ambitious">ambitious</span> <span word="politicians">politicians</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="themto">themto</span> <span word="focus">focus</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="crime">crime</span>. 1960年的社会动荡使得雄心勃勃的政治家们开始关心并关注犯罪。 <span word="Daryl">Daryl</span> <span word="Gates">Gates</span>, <span word="then">then</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rising">rising</span> <span word="star">star</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Los">Los</span> <span word="Angeles">Angeles</span> <span word="Police">Police</span> <span word="Department">Department</span>, <span word="created">created</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="firstSWAT">firstSWAT</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1965. 达瑞尔盖兹，当时为洛杉矶警察局轰动一时的新星，他于1965年首创了美国第一支特警队。 <span word="Richard">Richard</span> <span word="Nixon">Nixon</span> <span word="ran">ran</span> <span word="successfully">successfully</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="president">president</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="law">law</span>-<span word="and">and</span>-<span word="order">order</span> <span word="ticket">ticket</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1968, <span word="bolstered">bolstered</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="aSilent">aSilent</span> <span word="Majority">Majority</span> <span word="which">which</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Balko">Balko</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="view">view</span>, <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="link">link</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="drugs">drugs</span>, <span word="crime">crime</span>, <span word="thecounter">thecounter</span>-<span word="culture">culture</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="race">race</span>. 理查德?尼克松因宣扬严肃法纪，在沉默的大多数的支持下，于1968年成功当选总统，在<span word="Balko">Balko</span>看来，也正是那时，当权者看到了毒品、犯罪、反文化、种族和犯罪的联系。 <span word="Ronald">Ronald</span> <span word="Reagan">Reagan</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="Nixon">Nixon</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="policies">policies</span> <span word="tougher">tougher</span>. 罗纳德?里根上台后，继续强化尼克松的毒品政策。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="dramatically">dramatically</span> <span word="increased">increased</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="federal">federal</span> <span word="involvement">involvement</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="combating">combating</span> <span word="drugs">drugs</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="asset">asset</span> <span word="forfeiture">forfeiture</span>,<span word="which">which</span> <span word="allows">allows</span> <span word="law">law</span> <span word="enforcement">enforcement</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="seize">seize</span> <span word="goods">goods</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="property">property</span> <span word="believed">believed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="crime">crime</span> <span word="or">or</span>,<span word="more">more</span> <span word="controversially">controversially</span>, <span word="purchased">purchased</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="proceeds">proceeds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="crime">crime</span>. 他在抗击毒品和财产没收中大大增加了联邦的干涉权，这就允许执法能够掌握牵涉到犯罪的商品和财产，更乃至犯罪过程中获得的财物。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="gave">gave</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="police">police</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="incentive">incentive</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="connections">connections</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="property">property</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="activity">activity</span>,<span word="often">often</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="expense">expense</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="crimes">crimes</span>. 这更加激励警察们去寻找财产和毒品活动之间的联系，而这样的寻找往往伴随着更多的恶性犯罪。 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Balko">Balko</span> <span word="notes">notes</span>, <span word="Closing">Closing</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rape">rape</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="murder">murder</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="didn">didn</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="potential">potential</span> <span word="kickback">kickback</span> <span word="tothe">tothe</span> <span word="police">police</span> <span word="department">department</span>. <span word="Knocking">Knocking</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mid">mid</span>- <span word="or">or</span> <span word="low">low</span>-<span word="level">level</span> <span word="drug">drug</span> <span word="dealer">dealer</span> <span word="did">did</span>. 正如<span word="Balko">Balko</span> 说的，对警局来说，结束一宗强奸案或谋杀案并没有潜在利益可图，打击一起中低等的毒品交易商才是利益之源。 <span word="Financial">Financial</span> <span word="incentives">incentives</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="drug">drug</span>-<span word="war">war</span> <span word="grants">grants</span> <span word="and">and</span>, <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="attacks">attacks</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="September">September</span>11<span word="th">th</span> 2001, <span word="homeland">homeland</span>-<span word="security">security</span> <span word="grants">grants</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="allowed">allowed</span> <span word="police">police</span> <span word="departments">departments</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="buy">buy</span> <span word="surplusmilitary">surplusmilitary</span> <span word="hardware">hardware</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="dubious">dubious</span> <span word="utility">utility</span>. 资金激励的来源也正是这些毒品案，2001年9月11日的毒品案告破后，警局用获得的本土安全的奖金购买了一大堆不知道什么用的军事硬件。 <span word="Fargo">Fargo</span>, <span word="North">North</span> <span word="Dakota">Dakota</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="received">received</span> $8<span word="m">m</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="grants">grants</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="buy">buy</span> <span word="goodies">goodies</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="armoured">armoured</span> <span word="truckwith">truckwith</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rotating">rotating</span> <span word="turretused">turretused</span> <span word="mostly">mostly</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="show">show</span>, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="annual">annual</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="picnic">picnic</span>, <span word="wherepolice">wherepolice</span> <span word="parked">parked</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="near">near</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="bouncy">bouncy</span> <span word="castle">castle</span>. 法戈，北达科他州获得了800万美元的奖励，购买了设有旋转炮的装甲车等物品。多数被用来显摆，无论是一年一度的城市野餐还是其他地方，他们一定会停在孩子的充气城堡边。 <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Balko">Balko</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="adept">adept</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Rise">Rise</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Warrior">Warrior</span> <span word="Cop">Cop</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="finding">finding</span> <span word="outrageous">outrageous</span> <span word="examples">examples</span> <span word="ofSWAT">ofSWAT</span>-<span word="team">team</span> <span word="misuse">misuse</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="deploying">deploying</span> <span word="heavily">heavily</span> <span word="armed">armed</span> <span word="police">police</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="break">break</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="small">small</span>-<span word="stakes">stakes</span> <span word="pokergames">pokergames</span>, <span word="raid">raid</span> <span word="fraternity">fraternity</span> <span word="parties">parties</span> <span word="suspected">suspected</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="serving">serving</span> <span word="alcohol">alcohol</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="underage">underage</span> <span word="patrons">patrons</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="arrestbarbers">arrestbarbers</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="operating">operating</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="licences">licences</span>. <span word="Balko">Balko</span>是个内行，在战警的崛起一书中找到了大量特警队滥用职权的案例。例如，他们调用全副武装的警察来取缔小赌注的扑克赛，因为怀疑慈善晚会向未成年人提供酒类而突袭晚会，以无照经营的名义逮捕理发店员。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="dismissive">dismissive</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="arguments">arguments</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="stricter">stricter</span> <span word="policing">policing</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="helped">helped</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="theremarkable">theremarkable</span> <span word="drop">drop</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="crime">crime</span> <span word="rate">rate</span>. 但是他严重忽视了一点，就是在这样严苛的政策下，美国的犯罪率确实有了显著下降。 <span word="Thanks">Thanks</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="book">book</span>, <span word="Americans">Americans</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="aware">aware</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="costs">costs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="methods">methods</span>. 也正是因为他的这本书，美国人更加注意到了这些方法带来的副作用。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="theyand">theyand</span> <span word="heshould">heshould</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="consider">consider</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="benefits">benefits</span>. 但是他和这些人都应该考虑到这些政策也是有所裨益的。 词语解释 1.<span word="care">care</span> <span word="about">about</span> 担心,关心 <span word="So">So</span> <span word="doesn">doesn</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="success">success</span>? 所以这是不是说我不在乎成功呢? <span word="Did">Did</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="characters">characters</span> <span word="aredepicted">aredepicted</span>? 罗琳在意她创造的人物是怎样被描述的吗? 2.<span word="focus">focus</span> <span word="on">on</span> 致力于;使聚焦于 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="focus">focus</span> <span word="on">on</span>. 你只需将你的注意力集中于此。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="project">project</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="focus">focus</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="key">key</span> <span word="secreted">secreted</span> <span word="pathogenic">pathogenic</span> <span word="proteins">proteins</span>. 该项目也将集中于主要分泌性致病蛋白质。 3.<span word="public">public</span> <span word="safety">safety</span> 公共安全 <span word="Game">Game</span> <span word="stocks">stocks</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="motive">motive</span>, <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="safety">safety</span>. 当时动机出于游戏储备，而非公共安全。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="theme">theme</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="ensuring">ensuring</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="safety">safety</span>, <span word="soriano">soriano</span> <span word="said">said</span>. 索里亚诺说：这主要是为了确保公众安全。 4.<span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="expense">expense</span> <span word="of">of</span> 花费，开销 <span word="ll">ll</span> <span word="reflect">reflect</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="protecting">protecting</span> <span word="local">local</span> <span word="economies">economies</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="expense">expense</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="global">global</span> <span word="trade">trade</span>. 所有这些都反映了以全球贸易为代价保护本国经济的方法。 <span word="Capital">Capital</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="funnelled">funnelled</span> <span word="towards">towards</span> <span word="high">high</span>-<span word="tech">tech</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="green">green</span> <span word="energy">energy</span>-<span word="related">related</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="theexpense">theexpense</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="traditional">traditional</span> <span word="low">low</span>-<span word="end">end</span> <span word="manufacturers">manufacturers</span>. 资本正被导向高科技和绿色能源相关企业，而传统的低端制造商则付出代价。</p>
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