宇宙学
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Cosmology">Cosmology</span> 宇宙学 <span word="Man">Man</span> <span word="suddenly">suddenly</span> <span word="sees">sees</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="start">start</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span> 揭秘宇宙的起源 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="quest">quest</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="understand">understand</span> <span word="reality">reality</span> <span word="takes">takes</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="greatleap">greatleap</span> <span word="backwards">backwards</span> 科学新突破探索宇宙诞生之初的真相 <span word="IN">IN</span> <span word="THE">THE</span> <span word="beginning">beginning</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="inflation">inflation</span>. 宇宙初始皆起源于膨胀二字。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="blasphemy">blasphemy</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span>, <span word="rather">rather</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="celebration">celebration</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="curiosity">curiosity</span>, <span word="ingenuity">ingenuity</span> <span word="andbloody">andbloody</span>-<span word="minded">minded</span> <span word="persistence">persistence</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="quest">quest</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="try">try</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="works">works</span>. 与其说这是对神明的亵渎，不如说是人类对于宇宙奥秘求知若渴、精密巧思和坚持不懈的颂扬。 <span word="No">No</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="yet">yet</span> <span word="knows">knows</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="existence">existence</span>. 没有人能知晓宇宙是如何从无到有的。 <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="God">God</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="today">today</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="week">week</span> <span word="ago">ago</span> <span word="tocontinue">tocontinue</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="belief">belief</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="whole">whole</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="chance">chance</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="aquantum">aquantum</span> <span word="fluctuation">fluctuation</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nothingness">nothingness</span> <span word="beforehand">beforehand</span>. 相信神创世论的人们可以像一周前一样继续他们的信仰，而那些相信量子波动创世论的人也可以同样不改初衷。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="results">results</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="universe">universe</span> <span word="using">using</span> <span word="BICEP">BICEP</span>2, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="telescope">telescope</span> <span word="located">located</span> <span word="near">near</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="SouthPole">SouthPole</span>, <span word="where">where</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="air">air</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="thin">thin</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="isolation">isolation</span> <span word="keeps">keeps</span> <span word="equipment">equipment</span> <span word="clean">clean</span>, <span word="suggest">suggest</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="happened">happened</span> <span word="veryshortly">veryshortly</span> <span word="afterwards">afterwards</span>. 然而，科学家们在空气稀薄纯净、能最大限度降低设备杂质的南极建立了 <span word="BICEP">BICEP</span>2大型望远镜，并据此研究揭开了宇宙创始后极短时间内发生的事情。 <span word="These">These</span> <span word="findings">findings</span>, <span word="announced">announced</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="March">March</span> 17<span word="th">th</span>, <span word="are">are</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="signs">signs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="primordial">primordial</span> <span word="gravitational">gravitational</span> <span word="waves">waves</span>. 3月17号公布的最新发现显示了原始引力波存在的迹象。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="confirm">confirm</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="theory">theory</span>, <span word="debated">debated</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="astrophysicists">astrophysicists</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="decades">decades</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="atrillionth">atrillionth</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="trillionth">trillionth</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="trillionth">trillionth</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="moment">moment</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span> <span word="gotbigger">gotbigger</span>. <span word="Immensely">Immensely</span> <span word="bigger">bigger</span>. 证实了一个在天体物理学界被争论了三十年的理论：宇宙在诞生之后的一万亿的一万亿的一万亿分之一秒内急速膨胀至超级大。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="volume">volume</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="space">space</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="started">started</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="larger">larger</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="atom">atom</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pre">pre</span>-<span word="inflation">inflation</span> <span word="universewould">universewould</span>, <span word="after">after</span> <span word="inflation">inflation</span>, <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="size">size</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="solar">solar</span> <span word="system">system</span>. 从膨胀前比原子还小的空间扩大至太阳系大小。 <span word="Apart">Apart</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sheer">sheer</span> <span word="gobsmackingness">gobsmackingness</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="claim">claim</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="BICEP">BICEP</span>2 <span word="team">team</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="discovery">discovery</span> <span word="isimportant">isimportant</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span>. 除了让人感叹上帝创世的无穷威力之外，<span word="BICEP">BICEP</span>2研究团队的发现有三个重要意义。 <span word="By">By</span> <span word="confirming">confirming</span> <span word="inflation">inflation</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="explains">explains</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="exists">exists</span>,<span word="since">since</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="inflation">inflation</span> <span word="whichstopped">whichstopped</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="fluctuating">fluctuating</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="void">void</span>. 首先，通过证实膨胀的发生解释了宇宙为什么依然存在,正是因为膨胀，才避免了宇宙波动回到之前的虚无状态。 <span word="By">By</span> <span word="confirming">confirming</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="existence">existence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="gravitational">gravitational</span> <span word="waves">waves</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="bolsters">bolsters</span> <span word="Einstein">Einstein</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="ofrelativity">ofrelativity</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="predicts">predicts</span> <span word="them">them</span>. 其次，爱因斯坦广义相对论预测了宇宙膨胀的发生，而通过证实引力波的存在为这一理论的提供了支持证据。 <span word="And">And</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="linking">linking</span> <span word="gravitational">gravitational</span> <span word="waves">waves</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="inflation">inflation</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="provides">provides</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="chink">chink</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="whichphysicists">whichphysicists</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="peer">peer</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="try">try</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="solve">solve</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="field">field</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="biggest">biggest</span> <span word="mysteries">mysteries</span>: <span word="why">why</span> <span word="generalrelativity">generalrelativity</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="test">test</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="reconciled">reconciled</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="quantumtheory">quantumtheory</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="test">test</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="it">it</span>. 第三，通过把引力波和膨胀联系起来，物理学家们打开了一扇可以解决本领域内最大谜团之一的大门：为什么广义相对论和量子理论这两个已经被无数次证实了的真理始终无法共存。 <span word="Quantum">Quantum</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="things">things</span>. 量子论是研究微观世界的理论。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="describes">describes</span> <span word="electromagnetism">electromagnetism</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="less">less</span>-<span word="familiar">familiar</span> <span word="forces">forces</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="operate">operate</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="scale">scale</span> <span word="ofatomic">ofatomic</span> <span word="nuclei">nuclei</span>. 描述了电磁学和另外两个鲜为人知的作用力在原子核层面的相互联系。 <span word="Relativity">Relativity</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="big">big</span> <span word="things">things</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="describes">describes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="force">force</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="gravity">gravity</span>. 而相对论是研究宏观世界的理论，描述了引力的原理。 <span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="inflation">inflation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="transition">transition</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="big">big</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="goodplace">goodplace</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="missing">missing</span> <span word="link">link</span>. 既然膨胀理论是宇宙从微观到宏观的过渡，这就为寻找两者之间尚未发现的联系提供了绝佳的机会。 <span word="Not">Not</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="apple">apple</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="persuasive">persuasive</span> <span word="serpent">serpent</span> 这可比蛇诱夏娃吃禁果复杂多了 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="gravitational">gravitational</span> <span word="waves">waves</span> <span word="detected">detected</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="BICEP">BICEP</span>2 <span word="date">date</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="beginning">beginning</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="inflationaryprocess">inflationaryprocess</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="product">product</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="small">small</span>, <span word="quantum">quantum</span>-<span word="scale">scale</span> <span word="version">version</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span>. 由<span word="BICEP">BICEP</span>2望远镜发现的引力波产生于膨胀过程的初始，因此这是一个微小的、处于量子层面的宇宙的产物。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="quantum">quantum</span> <span word="phenomena">phenomena</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="manifestations">manifestations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="quantumgravity">quantumgravity</span>. 这就表明它们是量子现象，第一个已知存在的量子引力。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="confirms">confirms</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="link">link</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="relativity">relativity</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="quantum">quantum</span> <span word="theory">theory</span>. 也证明了相对论和量子论之间的关联性。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="gives">gives</span> <span word="physicists">physicists</span> <span word="investigating">investigating</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="link">link</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="play">play</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="search">search</span> <span word="forhow">forhow</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="link">link</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="works">works</span>. 同时这也让物理学家们有了进一步研究这种关联性的真实基础。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="caution">caution</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="for">for</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="dangerous">dangerous</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="science">science</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="faith">faith</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="singleset">singleset</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="observations">observations</span>. 但值得警惕的是，在科学世界里，把过多的注意集中到某个单一的观察结果上是很危险的。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="gravity">gravity</span>,<span word="wave">wave</span> <span word="signals">signals</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="BICEP">BICEP</span>2 <span word="has">has</span> <span word="found">found</span>,<span word="slight">slight</span> <span word="fluctuations">fluctuations</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="intensity">intensity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thecosmic">thecosmic</span> <span word="microwave">microwave</span> <span word="background">background</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="all">all</span>,<span word="pervading">pervading</span> <span word="bath">bath</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="radiation">radiation</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="preserves">preserves</span> <span word="somefeatures">somefeatures</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="universe">universe</span>,<span word="are">are</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="faded">faded</span> <span word="palimpsest">palimpsest</span>. <span word="BICEP">BICEP</span>2天文台发现了引力波信号，在宇宙微波背景强度下的一些轻微波动，但这个信号已经很大程度上被其他信号覆盖。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="overwritten">overwritten</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="again">again</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="signals">signals</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bescraped">bescraped</span> <span word="away">away</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="gravitational">gravitational</span> <span word="waves">waves</span> <span word="visible">visible</span>. 而为了得到最终的引力波，需要把那些干扰信号逐个去除。 <span word="Confirmation">Confirmation</span> <span word="using">using</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="instruments">instruments</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="needed">needed</span>. 因此，我们需要其他设备对引力波的存在性进行再次核实。 <span word="Other">Other</span> <span word="teams">teams</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="try">try</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span>; <span word="new">new</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="getexcited">getexcited</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="field">field</span>. 其他科学家们将会致力于寻找相似的证据;也欢迎新研究者在此领域前赴后继。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="welcome">welcome</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="merging">merging</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="particle">particle</span> <span word="physics">physics</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="cosmology">cosmology</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="greatintellectual">greatintellectual</span> <span word="achievements">achievements</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span> 50 <span word="years">years</span>. 新兴的粒子物理学和宇宙学是过去50年以来最大的科学进步之一。 <span word="And">And</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="showing">showing</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="deepest">deepest</span> <span word="truths">truths</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="material">material</span> <span word="universe">universe</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="gazingout">gazingout</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="deepest">deepest</span>, <span word="earliest">earliest</span> <span word="recesses">recesses</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="space">space</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="feeds">feeds</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="intellect">intellect</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="spirit">spirit</span>. 凝望最遥远、最原始的空间深处。那里埋藏着关于宇宙物质的最终解答，对这个答案的求索不仅是人类关于知识的渴望，更是灵魂的满足。 词语解释 1.<span word="find">find</span> <span word="out">out</span> 找出,发现 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="conducted">conducted</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="out">out</span>. 她们实施了两个研究去查明结果。 <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="out">out</span>. 还有很多东西要我们去探索发现。 2.<span word="try">try</span> <span word="to">to</span> 试图,设法 <span word="You">You</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="try">try</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="ground">ground</span>. 你需要设法找出你们之间的一些共同点。 <span word="Extreme">Extreme</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="movements">movements</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="try">try</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="exploit">exploit</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="unrest">unrest</span>. 极端的政治运动将设法利用这种动荡局势。 3.<span word="apply">apply</span> <span word="to">to</span> 适用于;运用 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="logic">logic</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="apply">apply</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="iphone">iphone</span>. 同样的逻辑或许也完全适用于<span word="iphone">iphone</span>。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="claims">claims</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="rubbish">rubbish</span>; <span word="the">the</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="apply">apply</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="london">london</span>. 前两项声称都是废话;第三条也不适用于伦敦。 4.<span word="look">look</span> <span word="for">for</span> 寻找,寻求 <span word="Always">Always</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="ways">ways</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="improve">improve</span>. 总是寻找不同的方法改进。 <span word="Look">Look</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="computer">computer</span> <span word="programs">programs</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="encourage">encourage</span> <span word="reading">reading</span>. 找一些可以促进阅读的电脑程序。</p>
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