蜜蜂和杀虫剂
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Bees">Bees</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="insecticides">insecticides</span> 蜜蜂和杀虫剂 <span word="Subtle">Subtle</span> <span word="poison">poison</span> 慢性毒药 <span word="Evidence">Evidence</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="growing">growing</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="commonly">commonly</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="pesticides">pesticides</span>,<span word="even">even</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="employed">employed</span> <span word="carefully">carefully</span>, <span word="are">are</span> <span word="bad">bad</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="bees">bees</span> 证据逐步表明，即使小心地喷施普通杀虫剂，也会对蜜蜂构成危害 <span word="IN">IN</span> <span word="THE">THE</span> <span word="winter">winter</span> <span word="of">of</span> 2006 <span word="beekeepers">beekeepers</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="noticed">noticed</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="oddlots">oddlots</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="hives">hives</span> <span word="weredying">weredying</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="obvious">obvious</span> <span word="reason">reason</span>. 2006年冬，美国养蜂人注意到奇怪的现象，他们的蜜蜂成批死掉，原因不明。 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="months">months</span> <span word="passed">passed</span>, <span word="reports">reports</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="phenomena">phenomena</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="coming">coming</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="Europeancounterparts">Europeancounterparts</span>. 几个月后，类似的现象也出现在欧洲同行的报告上。 <span word="Mystified">Mystified</span> <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="coined">coined</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="label">label</span> <span word="colony">colony</span> <span word="collapse">collapse</span> <span word="disorderto">disorderto</span> <span word="describe">describe</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="washappening">washappening</span>. 困惑的科学家们给这个现象贴上了蜂群衰竭失调的标签。 <span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="then">then</span>, <span word="much">much</span> <span word="brow">brow</span>-<span word="sweat">sweat</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="expended">expended</span> <span word="trying">trying</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="CCD">CCD</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="is">is</span>. 自那时起，为揭开<span word="CCD">CCD</span>的面纱，人们不知道多少次抹去额头的汗水。 <span word="Dying">Dying</span> <span word="bees">bees</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="problem">problem</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="apiarists">apiarists</span>. 蜜蜂之死不仅令养蜂家头痛。 <span word="Bees">Bees</span> <span word="pollinate">pollinate</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="cropsa">cropsa</span> <span word="service">service</span> <span word="estimated">estimated</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="worth">worth</span> 15 <span word="billion">billion</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="yearin">yearin</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="alone">alone</span>. 蜜蜂给世界上的很多庄稼授粉，仅在美国，这种服务每年价值150亿美元。 <span word="And">And</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="shortage">shortage</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="theories">theories</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="insects">insects</span> <span word="decline">decline</span>,<span word="Climate">Climate</span> <span word="change">change</span>, <span word="habitatdestruction">habitatdestruction</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="paralysing">paralysing</span> <span word="virus">virus</span>, <span word="fungal">fungal</span> <span word="infection">infection</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="plague">plague</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="parasitic">parasitic</span> <span word="mites">mites</span> <span word="haveall">haveall</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="proposed">proposed</span>. 尽管对蜜蜂数量下降的原因提出了形形色色的理论，如气候变化、栖息地遭破坏、麻痹病毒、霉菌感染，甚至还有寄生虫肆虐。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="leading">leading</span> <span word="ideas">ideas</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bees">bees</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="suffering">suffering</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="neonicotinoids">neonicotinoids</span>, <span word="aclass">aclass</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="commonly">commonly</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="pesticides">pesticides</span>, <span word="introduced">introduced</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1990<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="toxic">toxic</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="insects">insects</span> <span word="butmuch">butmuch</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="mammals">mammals</span>. 但其中一个主导观点是蜜蜂正在遭受新烟碱的侵害，二十世纪九十年代人们引入这种杀虫剂，它对昆虫有毒，但对哺乳动物的毒性较小，使用范围广泛。 <span word="Two">Two</span> <span word="papers">papers</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="week">week</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Science">Science</span> <span word="lend">lend</span> <span word="weight">weight</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="idea">idea</span>. 本期科学杂志刊登的两篇论文证实了这种观点。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="first">first</span>, <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Penelope">Penelope</span> <span word="Whitehorn">Whitehorn</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="David">David</span> <span word="Goulson">Goulson</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="ofStirling">ofStirling</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Britain">Britain</span>, <span word="examined">examined</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="insecticides">insecticides</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="bumblebees">bumblebees</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="areclosely">areclosely</span> <span word="related">related</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="honeybees">honeybees</span>. 第一篇出自英国斯特林大学<span word="Penelope">Penelope</span> <span word="Whitehorn">Whitehorn</span> 和 <span word="David">David</span> <span word="Goulson">Goulson</span> 指导的团队，他们检验了这些杀虫剂给大黄蜂带来的影响，大黄蜂和蜜蜂的关系密切。 <span word="Bumblebees">Bumblebees</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="studied">studied</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="honeybee">honeybee</span> <span word="cousins">cousins</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="pollinate">pollinate</span> <span word="manycommonly">manycommonly</span> <span word="eaten">eaten</span> <span word="crops">crops</span>, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="strawberries">strawberries</span>, <span word="raspberries">raspberries</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="runner">runner</span> <span word="beans">beans</span>. 和同宗的蜜蜂比起来，对大黄蜂的研究要少一些。但它们给很多可食作物传粉，如草莓、树莓和红花菜豆。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="colleagues">colleagues</span> <span word="raised">raised</span> 75 <span word="bumblebee">bumblebee</span> <span word="colonies">colonies</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="laboratory">laboratory</span>. 两位研究人员和同事们在实验室饲养了七十五个大黄蜂蜂群。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="exposed">exposed</span> <span word="some">some</span>, <span word="via">via</span> <span word="contaminated">contaminated</span> <span word="pollen">pollen</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sugar">sugar</span> <span word="water">water</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="doses">doses</span> <span word="ofimidacloprid">ofimidacloprid</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="type">type</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="neonicotinoid">neonicotinoid</span> <span word="insecticide">insecticide</span>. 他们用受污染的花粉、糖水将一些蜂群暴露在高剂量吡虫啉的环境里， <span word="Others">Others</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="exposed">exposed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="low">low</span> <span word="doses">doses</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="dose">dose</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="all">all</span>. 一些蜂群暴露在低剂量杀虫剂的环境里，或者不加一点杀虫剂。 <span word="Then">Then</span>, <span word="after">after</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="weeks">weeks</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="treatment">treatment</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="colonies">colonies</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="outside">outside</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="andleft">andleft</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="six">six</span> <span word="weeks">weeks</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bees">bees</span> <span word="did">did</span>. 接着经过两周的处理，把这些蜂群放在室外六周，观察蜂的行动。 <span word="All">All</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="doses">doses</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="imidacloprid">imidacloprid</span>, <span word="both">both</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="low">low</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Whitehorn">Whitehorn</span> <span word="gave">gave</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="bees">bees</span> <span word="weresublethalin">weresublethalin</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="insufficient">insufficient</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="kill">kill</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="insects">insects</span> <span word="outright">outright</span>. 使用吡虫啉的蜂群，无论剂量大小，<span word="Whitehorn">Whitehorn</span>博士把亚致死量用在她的蜜蜂上，换句话说，不足以彻底杀死昆虫。 <span word="Firms">Firms</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="pesticides">pesticides</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="authorities">authorities</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="regulate">regulate</span> <span word="them">them</span>, <span word="are">are</span> <span word="aware">aware</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="theimportance">theimportance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="bees">bees</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="production">production</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="products">products</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="tested">tested</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="sure">sure</span> <span word="theyare">theyare</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="fatal">fatal</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="helpful">helpful</span> <span word="insects">insects</span>. 杀虫剂生产厂家和管理他们的机构意识到蜜蜂对食品生产的重要性，新产品要经过检测，保证它们不会对有益的昆虫造成致命伤害。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Whitehorn">Whitehorn</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="non">non</span>-<span word="lethal">lethal</span> <span word="doses">doses</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pesticide">pesticide</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="bad">bad</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="bees">bees</span>. 但<span word="Whitehorn">Whitehorn</span>博士发现即使非致命性杀虫剂也会对蜜蜂有害。 <span word="Both">Both</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="high">high</span>-<span word="dose">dose</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="low">low</span>-<span word="dose">dose</span> <span word="colonies">colonies</span> <span word="grew">grew</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="slowly">slowly</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="undosed">undosed</span> <span word="ones">ones</span>,<span word="gaining">gaining</span> 8-12% <span word="less">less</span> <span word="weight">weight</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="average">average</span>. 受到高剂量和低剂量杀虫剂影响的蜂群和没有受杀虫剂影响的同类比起来长得要慢。体重平均降低8-12%。 <span word="More">More</span> <span word="importantly">importantly</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pesticides">pesticides</span> <span word="drastically">drastically</span> <span word="inhibited">inhibited</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="production">production</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="queens">queens</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="areneeded">areneeded</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="establish">establish</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="nests">nests</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="spring">spring</span>. 最重要的是，杀虫剂强烈地影响到春季筑造新巢所需的蚁后的生产。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="undosed">undosed</span> <span word="colonies">colonies</span> <span word="produced">produced</span> 13.7 <span word="queens">queens</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="average">average</span>. 未受杀虫剂影响的蜂群产生13.7个蚁后。 <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="dose">dose</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="insecticide">insecticide</span> <span word="produced">produced</span> <span word="two">two</span>. 受低剂量影响的蜂群产生两个， <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="dose">dose</span> <span word="produced">produced</span> <span word="just">just</span> 1.4. 受高剂量杀虫剂影响的蜂群产生1.4个。 <span word="Worryingly">Worryingly</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="colonies">colonies</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="dose">dose</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="lightly">lightly</span> <span word="compared">compared</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="theirwild">theirwild</span> <span word="brethren">brethren</span>. 令人忧心的是，即便受高剂量杀虫剂影响的蜂群可能要比它们在野外的同伴受到的危害低一些。</p>
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