游击战的历史
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段,在考研英语中占了40分,所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读,快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="guerrilla">guerrilla</span> <span word="warfare">warfare</span> 游击战的历史 <span word="How">How</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="weak">weak</span> <span word="vanquish">vanquish</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> 以弱胜强之道 <span word="Fighting">Fighting</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="insurgency">insurgency</span> <span word="requires">requires</span> <span word="patience">patience</span>,<span word="restraint">restraint</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="public">public</span>-<span word="relations">relations</span> <span word="strategy">strategy</span> 平定叛乱需要耐心,克制和良好的战略公关 <span word="Invisible">Invisible</span> <span word="Armies">Armies</span>: <span word="An">An</span> <span word="Epic">Epic</span> <span word="History">History</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Guerrilla">Guerrilla</span> <span word="Warfare">Warfare</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Ancient">Ancient</span> <span word="Times">Times</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Present">Present</span>. 《看不见的军队》:一部述说古今游击战的史诗。 <span word="By">By</span> <span word="Max">Max</span> <span word="Boot">Boot</span>. <span word="Liveright">Liveright</span>; 750 <span word="pages">pages</span>; $35. 作者:<span word="Max">Max</span> <span word="Boot">Boot</span>. <span word="Liveright">Liveright</span>;750页,定价35美元。 <span word="To">To</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Britain">Britain</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="February">February</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="W">W</span>.<span word="W">W</span>. <span word="Norton">Norton</span>; 25. <span word="W">W</span>.<span word="W">W</span>. <span word="Norton">Norton</span>将于2月份在英国出版;定价25英镑。 <span word="Buy">Buy</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Amazon">Amazon</span>.<span word="com">com</span>, <span word="Amazon">Amazon</span>.<span word="co">co</span>.<span word="uk">uk</span> 可以在英国亚马逊网上书城购买。 <span word="LIKE">LIKE</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="poor">poor</span>, <span word="guerrilla">guerrilla</span> <span word="armies">armies</span> <span word="have">have</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="seems">seems</span>, <span word="always">always</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="us">us</span>. 游击队就像穷人一样,似乎一直都伴随在我们左右。 <span word="From">From</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nomadic">nomadic</span> <span word="rebels">rebels</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Roman">Roman</span> <span word="empire">empire</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="internet">internet</span>-<span word="savvy">savvy</span>,<span word="plane">plane</span>-<span word="exploding">exploding</span> <span word="jihadists">jihadists</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="triggered">triggered</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="ill">ill</span>-<span word="conceived">conceived</span> <span word="global">global</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="terror">terror</span>,<span word="irregular">irregular</span> <span word="forces">forces</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="constant">constant</span> <span word="factor">factor</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="warfare">warfare</span>. 游牧叛乱武装打垮了罗马帝国;互联网专家,爆炸飞机的圣战分子使美国开启了思谋不周的全球反恐战争,非正规部队是战争历史中的一个永恒元素。 <span word="And">And</span> <span word="fighting">fighting</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="tougher">tougher</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="ever">ever</span>. 现在对付游击武装比以往更棘手。 <span word="Plenty">Plenty</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="literature">literature</span> <span word="gives">gives</span> <span word="advice">advice</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="beat">beat</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="maddening">maddening</span> <span word="foes">foes</span>. 很多文献给都教你如何击败这些令人发狂的敌人。 <span word="Max">Max</span> <span word="Boot">Boot</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="neoconservative">neoconservative</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="military">military</span> <span word="historian">historian</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="different">different</span>. 属于新保守派的美国军事历史学家<span word="Max">Max</span> <span word="Boot">Boot</span>做了一些不同的工作, <span word="Invisible">Invisible</span> <span word="Armies">Armies</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="narrative">narrative</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="guerrilla">guerrilla</span> <span word="warfare">warfare</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="terrorism">terrorism</span>, <span word="ranging">ranging</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="whathe">whathe</span> <span word="describes">describes</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="origins">origins</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="bringing">bringing</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Akkadian">Akkadian</span> <span word="empire">empire</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 22<span word="ndcentury">ndcentury</span> <span word="BC">BC</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="present">present</span> <span word="day">day</span>. 《看不见的军队》叙述了从古至今的游击战和恐怖行动。他认为这种战争起源于公元前22世纪,美索不达米亚的阿卡德帝国就是被游击战摧毁的。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="moves">moves</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="quickly">quickly</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> 4,000 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="gets">gets</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="inthe">inthe</span> 18<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="revolutionary">revolutionary</span> <span word="wars">wars</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="independence">independence</span>. 作者很快讲完了前4000年的历史,从18世纪的独立革命战争切入,这大概是真正游击战的发端。 <span word="Among">Among</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="liberal">liberal</span> <span word="insurgencies">insurgencies</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="considers">considers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="revolution">revolution</span>; <span word="thestruggle">thestruggle</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="Napoleon">Napoleon</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Iberian">Iberian</span> <span word="peninsula">peninsula</span>; <span word="Greece">Greece</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="independence">independence</span> <span word="againstthe">againstthe</span> <span word="Ottomans">Ottomans</span>; <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wars">wars</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="unification">unification</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Italy">Italy</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="various">various</span> <span word="uprisings">uprisings</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="colonial">colonial</span> <span word="powers">powers</span>,<span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="slave">slave</span> <span word="revolt">revolt</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="French">French</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="foundation">foundation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Republic">Republic</span> <span word="ofHaiti">ofHaiti</span>. 在很多自由起义中,他思考了美国革命,伊比利亚半岛反对拿破仑的斗争,希腊人反抗奥斯曼人独立战争,意大利统一之战以及各种反抗殖民势力的起义,如反抗法国的奴隶起义引发了海地共和国的成立。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> 20<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Boot">Boot</span> <span word="examines">examines</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="impact">impact</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="irregular">irregular</span> <span word="forces">forces</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="wars">wars</span>;<span word="the">the</span> <span word="contribution">contribution</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="insurgent">insurgent</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Mao">Mao</span> <span word="Zedong">Zedong</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="seminal">seminal</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="On">On</span> <span word="Guerrilla">Guerrilla</span> <span word="Warfare">Warfare</span>,<span word="gleaned">gleaned</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="experiences">experiences</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="civil">civil</span> <span word="war">war</span>; <span word="the">the</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="French">French</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Britishresponses">Britishresponses</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="rebellions">rebellions</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="fading">fading</span> <span word="empires">empires</span>; <span word="the">the</span> <span word="radical">radical</span> <span word="chic">chic</span> <span word="revolutionaries">revolutionaries</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span>1960<span word="s">s</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="radical">radical</span> <span word="Islamism">Islamism</span>. <span word="Boot">Boot</span>先生仔细观察了非正规部队对20世纪两次世界大战的影响;毛泽东那部给起义理论做出贡献的有开创性的著作《论游击战》,这是他从中国内战中收获的经验,不同于逐渐衰落的英法帝国处理叛乱事件;上世纪60年代激进派时髦的革命和极端伊斯兰分子的叛乱。 <span word="If">If</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="sounds">sounds</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bit">bit</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="list">list</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="organised">organised</span>. <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Boot">Boot</span> <span word="picks">picks</span> <span word="atheme">atheme</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="The">The</span> <span word="End">End</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Empire">Empire</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="hoovers">hoovers</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="section">section</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="theconflicts">theconflicts</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="fit">fit</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="description">description</span>. 上面的内容有点像开列清单,因为这是本书的组织方式,<span word="Boot">Boot</span>先生选择一个主题,例如帝国的终结,然后把所有符合主题的斗争收录到这个部分。 <span word="Each">Each</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="gets">gets</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="pages">pages</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="lively">lively</span> <span word="narrative">narrative</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="brief">brief</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="side">side</span> <span word="prevailedover">prevailedover</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span>. 每个主题都占据几页篇幅,叙述的很生动,并且简要地分析了一方为何能战胜另一方。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="formula">formula</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="well">well</span>. <span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="rattling">rattling</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="fairly">fairly</span> <span word="familiarterritory">familiarterritory</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="failures">failures</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="French">French</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Vietminh">Vietminh</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="finds">finds</span> <span word="somethingfresh">somethingfresh</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="pithy">pithy</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="say">say</span>. 这种方式的效果很好。即使述说大家熟悉的事情,作者也能讲出点新鲜东西和独到见解。 <span word="Take">Take</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="Vo">Vo</span> <span word="Nguyen">Nguyen</span> <span word="Giap">Giap</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brilliant">brilliant</span> <span word="Communist">Communist</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="succeeded">succeeded</span> <span word="inexpelling">inexpelling</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="French">French</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Americans">Americans</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Vietnam">Vietnam</span>. 例如杰出的共产党将领武元甲成功地把法国人和美国人先后赶出越南。 <span word="Giap">Giap</span> <span word="closely">closely</span> <span word="followed">followed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="teachings">teachings</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Mao">Mao</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="planning">planning</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="three">three</span>-<span word="stage">stage</span> <span word="struggle">struggle</span>,<span word="first">first</span> <span word="localisedguerrilla">localisedguerrilla</span> <span word="war">war</span>, <span word="then">then</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="movement">movement</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="finally">finally</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="uprising">uprising</span>,<span word="which">which</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="waged">waged</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="athree">athree</span>-<span word="tier">tier</span> <span word="force">force</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="village">village</span> <span word="militias">militias</span>, <span word="full">full</span>-<span word="time">time</span> <span word="guerrillas">guerrillas</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="regular">regular</span> <span word="army">army</span>. 武元甲密切遵循毛泽东的教导,制定了一个包含三个阶段的斗争先是局部的游击战,接着实施运动战,最后发动大起义 他投入了三种力量:民兵、专职游击队和正规军。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="Mao">Mao</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="cautious">cautious</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="avoid">avoid</span> <span word="confrontations">confrontations</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="powerful">powerful</span> <span word="forces">forces</span>,<span word="Giap">Giap</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="tendency">tendency</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="roll">roll</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dice">dice</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="premature">premature</span> <span word="offensives">offensives</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1951, 1968 <span word="and">and</span> <span word="again">again</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1972<span word="could">could</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="proved">proved</span> <span word="fatal">fatal</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="psychological">psychological</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="politicalfrailties">politicalfrailties</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="side">side</span>. 毛泽东总是谨慎地避免和更强大的力量发生对抗,但是武元甲愿意为过早攻击孤注一掷。1951年,1968年和接下来的1972年他都用了这种方法,要不是对方存在着心理上和政策上的弱点,这三次作战就不会造成致命的影响。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="guerrilla">guerrilla</span> <span word="warfare">warfare</span>, <span word="what">what</span> <span word="matters">matters</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="shape">shape</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="story">story</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="facts">facts</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="theground">theground</span>. 在游击战中,最重要的是推动战争向前发展的能力,而非战场上的实际情况。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="guerrillas">guerrillas</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="win">win</span> <span word="wars">wars</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="lose">lose</span> <span word="battles">battles</span>. 这就是游击队即使战斗失利的情况下仍然能够赢得战争。 <span word="Because">Because</span> <span word="insurgencies">insurgencies</span> <span word="pit">pit</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="weak">weak</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="strong">strong</span>, <span word="most">most</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="failing">failing</span>. 因为这些起义以弱势抗强敌,大部分还是以失败告终。 <span word="Between">Between</span> 1775 <span word="and">and</span> 1945 <span word="only">only</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="quarter">quarter</span> <span word="achieved">achieved</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="aims">aims</span>. <span word="Boot">Boot</span>先生说,从1775年至1945年,只有四分之一的起义完成了自己的大部分或全部目标。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="since">since</span> 1945 <span word="that">that</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="risen">risen</span> <span word="to">to</span> 40%, <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Boot">Boot</span>. 但是自1945年以来,成功率增长到了40%。 <span word="Part">Part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="improving">improving</span> <span word="success">success</span> <span word="rate">rate</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rising">rising</span> <span word="importance">importance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="opinion">opinion</span>. 成功率的提高部分原因是公众舆论的重要性日益突出。 <span word="Since">Since</span> 1945 <span word="the">the</span> <span word="spread">spread</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="democracy">democracy</span>, <span word="education">education</span>, <span word="mass">mass</span> <span word="media">media</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="concept">concept</span> <span word="ofinternational">ofinternational</span> <span word="law">law</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="conspired">conspired</span>, 自1945年以来,民主、教育、大众媒体和国际公法的概念得到推广, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sap">sap</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="states">states</span> <span word="engaged">engaged</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="protracted">protracted</span> <span word="counter">counter</span>-<span word="insurgencies">insurgencies</span>. 这都削弱了应对长期叛乱的国家意志。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="battle">battle</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="narrative">narrative</span>, <span word="insurgents">insurgents</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="weapons">weapons</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="disposalthan">disposalthan</span> <span word="before">before</span>. 战斗过程中,可供叛乱分子使用的武器比以前多得多。 <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Boot">Boot</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="conclude">conclude</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="counter">counter</span>-<span word="insurgency">insurgency</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 21<span word="st">st</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="losing">losing</span> <span word="game">game</span>. <span word="Boot">Boot</span>先生没有推断在21世纪镇压叛乱是徒劳之举。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="prevail">prevail</span> <span word="requires">requires</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="understanding">understanding</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="game">game</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="rules">rules</span>. 然而获胜之前要理解游戏的规则。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="powerful">powerful</span> <span word="advocate">advocate</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="so">so</span>-<span word="called">called</span> <span word="population">population</span>-<span word="centric">centric</span> <span word="approach">approach</span> <span word="pioneered">pioneered</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="theBritish">theBritish</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> 12-<span word="year">year</span> <span word="post">post</span>-<span word="war">war</span> <span word="Malayan">Malayan</span> <span word="Emergency">Emergency</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="lasted">lasted</span> <span word="until">until</span> 1960, <span word="andrediscovered">andrediscovered</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="generals">generals</span>,<span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="David">David</span> <span word="Petraeus">Petraeus</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Stanley">Stanley</span> <span word="McChrystal">McChrystal</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Iraqand">Iraqand</span> <span word="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</span>,<span word="only">only</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="gone">gone</span> <span word="disastrously">disastrously</span> <span word="wrong">wrong</span>. 他极力鼓吹所谓以民众为中心的方法,这是战后英国在应对马来亚12年危机时倡导的理论,美军将领如分别在伊拉克和阿富汗的局势,严重恶化之后对此做出重新发现。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="abandon">abandon</span> <span word="conventional">conventional</span> <span word="military">military</span> <span word="tactics">tactics</span>. 第一原则是放弃常规战术。 <span word="Clear">Clear</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="hold">hold</span> <span word="beats">beats</span> <span word="search">search</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="destroy">destroy</span>. 清除和控制胜过搜寻和破坏。 <span word="To">To</span> <span word="defeat">defeat</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="insurgency">insurgency</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="security">security</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="ordinary">ordinary</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="live">live</span> <span word="theirlives">theirlives</span>. 要平息叛乱,必须给普通民众的生活提供充足的安全保障。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="legitimacy">legitimacy</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="vital">vital</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="sides">sides</span>: <span word="corrupt">corrupt</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="excessively">excessively</span> <span word="violentgovernments">violentgovernments</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="struggle">struggle</span>, 第二合法性对双方来说都是重要的:腐败或过于暴力的政府一直会引发斗争, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="guerrillas">guerrillas</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="terrorise">terrorise</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="people">people</span>. 但是游击队也会威胁本国人民。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="staying">staying</span> <span word="power">power</span>. 第三是耐力。 <span word="Firepower">Firepower</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="substitute">substitute</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="patience">patience</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="boots">boots</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ground">ground</span>. 在战场上火力不能取代忍耐力和士气。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="side">side</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="haul">haul</span>. 必须要让你争取的民众相信你会长期和他们在一起。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="fourth">fourth</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="counter">counter</span>-<span word="insurgency">insurgency</span> <span word="campaigns">campaigns</span> <span word="abroad">abroad</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="lost">lost</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="home">home</span>. 第四大部分在海外开展的镇压叛乱的战斗都输在国内。 <span word="Liberal">Liberal</span> <span word="democracies">democracies</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="short">short</span> <span word="attention">attention</span> <span word="spans">spans</span>, <span word="low">low</span> <span word="tolerance">tolerance</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="casualties">casualties</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="callson">callson</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="cash">cash</span>. 自由主义的民主国家对于需要花钱的重大伤亡事故和其他征召不大关注,容忍度也不高。 <span word="Unless">Unless</span> <span word="voters">voters</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="intervention">intervention</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="security">security</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="willquickly">willquickly</span> <span word="withdraw">withdraw</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="it">it</span>. 除非选民认为有必要采取干涉措施才能保障自身的安全,否则他们会很快放弃对这种行动的支持。 <span word="All">All</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="explains">explains</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</span>. 以上情况都可以解释为什么阿富汗的事情进展不顺。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="population">population</span>-<span word="centric">centric</span> <span word="approachand">approachand</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="troop">troop</span> <span word="surge">surge</span> <span word="needed">needed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="realise">realise</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="late">late</span> <span word="inthe">inthe</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="foolishly">foolishly</span> <span word="rigid">rigid</span> <span word="deadline">deadline</span>. 实行以民众为中心的方法和增加部队都来的太晚,而且愚蠢地附带着严格的时限。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Afghan">Afghan</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="legitimacy">legitimacy</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="places">places</span> <span word="wherethe">wherethe</span> <span word="insurgency">insurgency</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="resilient">resilient</span>. 阿富汗政府在一定程度上拥有广泛的合法性,但是在叛乱行动回弹的地方该政府的合法性还是不足。 <span word="Nor">Nor</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="forces">forces</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="deny">deny</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Taliban">Taliban</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="sanctuary">sanctuary</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Pakistan">Pakistan</span>:<span word="insurgencies">insurgencies</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="outside">outside</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="harder">harder</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="beat">beat</span>. 美国人不可能容忍塔利班在巴基斯坦避难:得到外部支持的叛乱更加难以平息。 <span word="Voters">Voters</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="prepared">prepared</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="spend">spend</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="blood">blood</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="whatmost">whatmost</span> <span word="presume">presume</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lost">lost</span> <span word="cause">cause</span>. 美国和欧洲的选民还不想在大部分人看来要注定失败的行动上流更多的血,花更多的钱。 <span word="Few">Few</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="happens">happens</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="affect">affect</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="safety">safety</span>. 几乎没有人意识到发生在阿富汗的事情会影响到自己的安全。 <span word="Counter">Counter</span>-<span word="insurgency">insurgency</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="fashion">fashion</span> <span word="again">again</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="remains">remains</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="doit">doit</span>. 镇压叛乱可能又过时了。但是我们还需要如何应对叛乱。 <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Boot">Boot</span> <span word="offers">offers</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="timely">timely</span> <span word="reminder">reminder</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="politicians">politicians</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="generals">generals</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>-<span word="earned">earned</span> <span word="lessons">lessons</span> <span word="ofhistory">ofhistory</span>. <span word="Boot">Boot</span>先生及时地向军政要人提醒了这个得来不易的历史教训。 词语解释 1.<span word="bring">bring</span> <span word="down">down</span> 降;抬下 <span word="Family">Family</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="bring">bring</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="costs">costs</span>. 家庭工人降低了成本。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="kingdom">kingdom</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="recently">recently</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="steps">steps</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bringdown">bringdown</span> <span word="prices">prices</span>, <span word="consulting">consulting</span> <span word="refiners">refiners</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="offering">offering</span> <span word="extraoil">extraoil</span>. 但沙特最近已采取措施以压低油价,与炼油厂磋商,提出可供应额外石油。 2.<span word="lead">lead</span> <span word="to">to</span> 导致,引起 <span word="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="lead">lead</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="tooth">tooth</span> <span word="loss">loss</span>. 骨质疏松可能会导致牙齿脱落。 <span word="Salary">Salary</span> <span word="differences">differences</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="lead">lead</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="resentment">resentment</span>. 不同国家间的薪酬差异会引起相互的敌视。 3.<span word="hoover">hoover</span> <span word="up">up</span> 吸纳 <span word="Hsbc">Hsbc</span> <span word="mexico">mexico</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="well">well</span>-<span word="placed">placed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hoover">hoover</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="dollars">dollars</span>. 汇丰墨西哥分行在吸纳这些资金方面处于有利地位。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="hoover">hoover</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="bonds">bonds</span>, <span word="whatever">whatever</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="rating">rating</span>. 无论评级如何,他们都会吸纳债券。 4.<span word="succeed">succeed</span> <span word="in">in</span> 取得成功 <span word="Outsiders">Outsiders</span> <span word="seldom">seldom</span> <span word="succeed">succeed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="turning">turning</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="luxury">luxury</span> <span word="brand">brand</span>. 局外人很少成功使得某一奢侈品牌成功脱困。 <span word="May">May</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="succeed">succeed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="coming">coming</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="year">year</span>! 祝你在新的一年里取得成功!</p>
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