为啥斑马身上是条纹
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Why">Why</span> <span word="zebra">zebra</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="striped">striped</span> 为啥斑马身上是条纹 <span word="Horse">Horse</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> 马识 <span word="Are">Are</span> <span word="zebra">zebra</span> <span word="stripes">stripes</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="elaborateinsect">elaborateinsect</span> <span word="repellent">repellent</span>? 斑马身上的斑纹只是精致的驱虫器吗? <span word="Imagine">Imagine</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="looks">looks</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fly">fly</span> 想象一下这在蝇的眼里是幅什么样的画面 <span word="HOW">HOW</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="zebra">zebra</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="stripes">stripes</span> <span word="sounds">sounds</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="title">title</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="RudyardKipling">RudyardKipling</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Just">Just</span> <span word="So">So</span> <span word="stories">stories</span>. 斑马为什么会长条纹捏这听上去有点像<span word="Rudyard">Rudyard</span> <span word="Kipling">Kipling</span>的书《原来如此》里面文章的标题。 <span word="Sadly">Sadly</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="isn">isn</span> <span word="t">t</span>, <span word="so">so</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="has">has</span>, <span word="instead">instead</span>,<span word="been">been</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="zoologists">zoologists</span>. 可惜啊，这不是其中的标题，所以这个问题的答案就成了动物学家的任务。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="they">they</span>, <span word="too">too</span>, <span word="have">have</span> <span word="let">let</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="imaginations">imaginations</span> <span word="rip">rip</span>. <span word="Somehave">Somehave</span> <span word="suggested">suggested</span> <span word="camouflage">camouflage</span>. 然而，这些动物学家们也是天马行空。一些人认为是保护色。 <span word="Others">Others</span> <span word="suggest">suggest</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="display">display</span> <span word="anindividual">anindividual</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="fitness">fitness</span>. 其他人则认为条纹是一种个体属性的彰显方式。 <span word="Irregular">Irregular</span> <span word="stripes">stripes</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="let">let</span> <span word="potential">potential</span> <span word="mates">mates</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="thatsomeone">thatsomeone</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="snuff">snuff</span>. 不规则的条纹给潜在伴侣传递出不达标的信息。 <span word="One">One</span> <span word="researcher">researcher</span> <span word="proposed">proposed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="stripes">stripes</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="zebrawhat">zebrawhat</span> <span word="faces">faces</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="people">people</span>, 有位研究人员认为斑马的条纹就像人的脸一样， <span word="allowing">allowing</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="recognise">recognise</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="other">other</span>, <span word="since">since</span> <span word="everyanimal">everyanimal</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="unique">unique</span> <span word="stripe">stripe</span>-<span word="print">print</span>. 由于每个斑马的条纹都独一无二，可以让同类彼此辨认。 <span word="Another">Another</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="speculated">speculated</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="predators">predators</span> <span word="mightget">mightget</span> <span word="dizzy">dizzy</span> <span word="watching">watching</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="herd">herd</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="stripes">stripes</span> <span word="gallop">gallop</span> <span word="by">by</span>. 还有些人甚至认为捕食者看到一群条纹在面前飞奔会晕头转向。 <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span>,<span word="however">however</span>, <span word="one">one</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="idea">idea</span>: <span word="that">that</span> <span word="stripes">stripes</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sophisticated">sophisticated</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="flyrepellent">flyrepellent</span>. 但是还有这样一种想法：条纹是一种精致的防蝇器。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="originally">originally</span> <span word="dreamed">dreamed</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1980<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="proved">proved</span>. 这种想法产生于20世纪80年代，但是从未被证明。 <span word="Now">Now</span>, <span word="ateam">ateam</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="investigators">investigators</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Gabor">Gabor</span> <span word="Horvath">Horvath</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Eotvos">Eotvos</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Budapestreport">Budapestreport</span> <span word="inthe">inthe</span> <span word="Journal">Journal</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Experimental">Experimental</span> <span word="Biology">Biology</span> <span word="thatthey">thatthey</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="so">so</span>. 现在，由坐落于<span word="Budapest">Budapest</span>的<span word="Eotvos">Eotvos</span>大学的<span word="Gabor">Gabor</span> <span word="Horvath">Horvath</span>带领着一组研究人员在《实验生物学报》上发表了一篇论文认为他们证明了这一想法。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="original">original</span> <span word="suggestion">suggestion</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="stripes">stripes</span> <span word="repel">repel</span> <span word="tsetse">tsetse</span> <span word="flies">flies</span>. 原本的猜想是说条纹是为了避免舌蝇。 <span word="These">These</span> <span word="insectscarry">insectscarry</span> <span word="sleeping">sleeping</span> <span word="sickness">sickness</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bane">bane</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ungulates">ungulates</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="people">people</span>. 这些小昆虫带有昏睡病，对人类和有蹄类动物同样致害。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="tsetses">tsetses</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="dipteran">dipteran</span> <span word="foes">foes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="zebra">zebra</span> <span word="and">and</span>, 但是舌蝇并非是斑马唯一的长着翅膀的敌人， <span word="since">since</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="arerarely">arerarely</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meadows">meadows</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Hungary">Hungary</span>, 因为舌蝇在匈牙利的草原上并不常见。 <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Horvath">Horvath</span> <span word="plumped">plumped</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="studying">studying</span> <span word="analmost">analmost</span> <span word="equally">equally</span> <span word="obnoxious">obnoxious</span> <span word="alternative">alternative</span>: <span word="the">the</span> <span word="horsefly">horsefly</span>. <span word="Horvath">Horvath</span>转而研究一种同样恼人的替代品：马蝇。 <span word="Horseflies">Horseflies</span>, <span word="too">too</span>, <span word="transmit">transmit</span> <span word="disease">disease</span>. 马蝇也同样传播疾病。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="bite">bite</span> <span word="incessantly">incessantly</span>, <span word="thuskeeping">thuskeeping</span> <span word="grazing">grazing</span> <span word="beasts">beasts</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="dinner">dinner</span>. 它们属于寄生式叮咬，因此使得这些动物进食减少。 <span word="Indeed">Indeed</span>, <span word="previous">previous</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="shownthat">shownthat</span> <span word="fly">fly</span> <span word="attacks">attacks</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="horses">horses</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="cattle">cattle</span> <span word="reduce">reduce</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="bodyfat">bodyfat</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="milkproduction">milkproduction</span>. 的确有研究表明被马蝇袭击的马和牛出现了身体脂肪和产奶量下降的现象。 <span word="Such">Such</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="shown">shown</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="odd">odd</span>: 这些研究还出现了一些奇怪的现象： <span word="horseflies">horseflies</span> <span word="attack">attack</span> <span word="blackhorses">blackhorses</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="preference">preference</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="white">white</span> <span word="ones">ones</span>. 相对于白马，马蝇更喜欢叮咬黑马。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="fact">fact</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Horvath">Horvath</span> <span word="wondering">wondering</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="theywould">theywould</span> <span word="react">react</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="striped">striped</span> <span word="horsein">horsein</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>,<span word="a">a</span> <span word="zebra">zebra</span>. 这一事实使得<span word="Horvath">Horvath</span>博士十分好奇马蝇会对一个条纹马，也就是斑马作何反应。 <span word="Actual">Actual</span> <span word="zebra">zebra</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span> <span word="on">on</span>. 很难对真实的斑马做实验。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="insist">insist</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="moving">moving</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="andswishing">andswishing</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="tails">tails</span>. 它们一直在动来动去并且甩着尾巴。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="therefore">therefore</span> <span word="conducted">conducted</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="using">using</span> <span word="inanimateobjects">inanimateobjects</span>. 因此这组研究人员用非生命体来进行实验。 <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="painted">painted</span> <span word="uniformly">uniformly</span> <span word="dark">dark</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="uniformly">uniformly</span> <span word="light">light</span>, 一些实验对象被涂成纯白色或者纯黑色， <span word="and">and</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="hadstripes">hadstripes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="various">various</span> <span word="widths">widths</span>. 还有一些则被涂成宽度各异的条纹图案。 <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="plastic">plastic</span> <span word="trays">trays</span> <span word="filled">filled</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="salad">salad</span> <span word="oil">oil</span>. 其中有些是充满色拉油的塑料架子。 <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="glue">glue</span>-<span word="covered">covered</span> <span word="boards">boards</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="wereactual">wereactual</span> <span word="models">models</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="zebra">zebra</span>. 一些是胶合纸板做的。还有一些是真实的斑马。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="objects">objects</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="field">field</span> <span word="infested">infested</span> <span word="withhorseflies">withhorseflies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="counted">counted</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="insectsthey">insectsthey</span> <span word="trapped">trapped</span>. 他们把这些实验对象放到一个充满马蝇的场地，然后计算被吸引的马蝇数目。 <span word="Their">Their</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="discovery">discovery</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="stripes">stripes</span> <span word="attracted">attracted</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="flies">flies</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="solid">solid</span>,<span word="uniform">uniform</span> <span word="colours">colours</span>. 他们第一个发现是条纹的比纯色的吸引的马蝇少。 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="intriguingly">intriguingly</span>, <span word="though">though</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="leastattractive">leastattractive</span> <span word="pattern">pattern</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="stripes">stripes</span> <span word="wasprecisely">wasprecisely</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sort">sort</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="width">width</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="onzebra">onzebra</span> <span word="hides">hides</span>. 然而，耐人寻味的是他们还发现吸引力最小的条纹花式正是斑马身上的条纹样式。 <span word="Zebra">Zebra</span> <span word="stripes">stripes</span> <span word="do">do</span>, <span word="therefore">therefore</span>, <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="repel">repel</span> <span word="horseflies">horseflies</span>. 因此，斑马的条纹看起来真的能够防马蝇。 <span word="Exactly">Exactly</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="unclear">unclear</span>. 至于为什么会这样还是个谜团。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Horvath">Horvath</span> <span word="thinks">thinks</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="related">related</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="horsefly">horsefly</span> <span word="sability">sability</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="polarised">polarised</span> <span word="light">light</span>, 但是<span word="Horvath">Horvath</span>博士认为这可能与马蝇识别偏振光的能力有关， <span word="which">which</span> <span word="imposes">imposes</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="horizontal">horizontal</span> <span word="andvertical">andvertical</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="image">image</span>. 偏振光是从水平和垂直方向打在画面上的。 <span word="Horseflies">Horseflies</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="prefer">prefer</span> <span word="horizontal">horizontal</span> <span word="polarisedlight">polarisedlight</span>. 众所周知马蝇偏向于水平偏振光。 <span word="Possibly">Possibly</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mostly">mostly</span> <span word="vertical">vertical</span> <span word="stripes">stripes</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="zebra">zebra</span> <span word="confuse">confuse</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fly">fly</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="tinybrain">tinybrain</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="stop">stop</span> <span word="itseeing">itseeing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="animal">animal</span>. 所以极有可能是斑马身上垂直的条纹迷惑了马蝇的小脑袋，因此阻碍了马蝇发现斑马。 <span word="Another">Another</span> <span word="obvious">obvious</span> <span word="question">question</span>, <span word="though">though</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="evolvedthis">evolvedthis</span> <span word="elegant">elegant</span> <span word="formof">formof</span> <span word="fly">fly</span> <span word="repellent">repellent</span>, 然而，还有一个显而易见的问题就是为什么其他的物种没有进化出来这种精致的防蝇方式， <span word="and">and</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="consequences">consequences</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="beenif">beenif</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="had">had</span>. 以及如果其他物种也进化成这样的后果。 <span word="If">If</span> <span word="humans">humans</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="were">were</span> <span word="black">black</span>-<span word="and">and</span>-<span word="white">white</span> <span word="striped">striped</span>, 例如，如果人类是黑白条纹的， <span word="then">then</span> <span word="thehistory">thehistory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="intercommunal">intercommunal</span> <span word="violence">violence</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="suffered">suffered</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="differentraceshave">differentraceshave</span> <span word="met">met</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="bad">bad</span>. 那么当不同种族相遇而遭受的两族间的暴力历史或许也没那么坏。 <span word="One">One</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="Kipling">Kipling</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="pondered">pondered</span>,<span word="perhaps">perhaps</span>? 这也许是<span word="Kipling">Kipling</span>需要思考的一个问题? 词语解释 1.<span word="a">a</span> <span word="herd">herd</span> <span word="of">of</span> 一群 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="herd">herd</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="bighorn">bighorn</span> <span word="sheep">sheep</span> <span word="joined">joined</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="breakfast">breakfast</span>. 一群加拿大盘羊和我们一起吃了早餐。 <span word="You">You</span> <span word="gotta">gotta</span> <span word="mouth">mouth</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="herd">herd</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="boll">boll</span> <span word="weevils">weevils</span>. 你有一个像一群棉子象鼻虫一样的嘴巴。 2.<span word="dream">dream</span> <span word="up">up</span> 想起，想象出 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="give">give</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="dream">dream</span> <span word="up">up</span>. 我不得不放弃我的梦想。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="wonder">wonder</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="excuse">excuse</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="dream">dream</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>. 我寻思他们明天会想出什么借口。 3.<span word="react">react</span> <span word="to">to</span> 对作出反应 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="days">days</span>, <span word="markets">markets</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="react">react</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="changed">changed</span> <span word="outlook">outlook</span>. 未来几天，市场将顺应形势的变化而作出反应。 <span word="Iran">Iran</span> <span word="didn">didn</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="immediately">immediately</span> <span word="react">react</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="huawei">huawei</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="announcement">announcement</span>. 伊朗没有立即对华为的声明做出反应。 4.<span word="fill">fill</span> <span word="with">with</span> 装满 <span word="Your">Your</span> <span word="lungs">lungs</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="leaky">leaky</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fill">fill</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="fluid">fluid</span>. 肺部开始渗漏，充满液体。 <span word="Select">Select</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="fill">fill</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pattern">pattern</span>. 选择要用图案填充的单元格。</p>
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