天塌之前的平静之年
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1913 1913年的世界 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sky">sky</span> <span word="fell">fell</span> <span word="in">in</span> 天塌之前的平静之年 1913: <span word="In">In</span> <span word="Search">Search</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="World">World</span> <span word="Before">Before</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="GreatWar">GreatWar</span>.<span word="By">By</span> <span word="Charles">Charles</span> <span word="Emmerson">Emmerson</span>. 《1913年一战之前的世界研究》查尔斯艾默生著 <span word="VIEWED">VIEWED</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="capitals">capitals</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Western">Western</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span>, <span word="theworld">theworld</span> <span word="looked">looked</span> <span word="pretty">pretty</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1913. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="many">many</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="true">true</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="heard">heard</span> <span word="rumblings">rumblings</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="war">war</span>;<span word="but">but</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="decades">decades</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="peace">peace</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Economist">Economist</span> <span word="wasnot">wasnot</span> <span word="alarmed">alarmed</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="June">June</span> 1913 <span word="it">it</span> <span word="described">described</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="entente">entente</span> <span word="cordiale">cordiale</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="Britain">Britain</span> <span word="andFrance">andFrance</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="expression">expression</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="tendencies">tendencies</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="slowly">slowly</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="surely">surely</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="thecivilised">thecivilised</span> <span word="communities">communities</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="impossibility">impossibility</span>. 从西欧大都市人们的视角来看，1913年的世界形势一派大好。确实有许多人听到了战争的叫嚣，但这在欧洲太普遍了，即使是在已经度过了二十年的和平期之后。《经济学人》杂志并没有觉察到战争的预警，1913年6月，它把英法两国最近签署的《英法协约》描述成了对一种虽然缓慢但不可阻挡的趋势的表达世界文明国度之间的战争是不可能爆发的。 <span word="We">We</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="wrong">wrong</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="coming">coming</span> <span word="slaughter">slaughter</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="leave">leave</span> 35<span word="m">m</span> <span word="dead">dead</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="wounded">wounded</span>, <span word="wasnot">wasnot</span> <span word="inevitable">inevitable</span>. <span word="Europe">Europe</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="peaceful">peaceful</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="richer">richer</span>, <span word="healthier">healthier</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="arguably">arguably</span> <span word="morestable">morestable</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="ever">ever</span> <span word="been">been</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="interconnected">interconnected</span>. <span word="Kaiser">Kaiser</span> <span word="Wilhelm">Wilhelm</span> <span word="II">II</span>, <span word="KingGeorge">KingGeorge</span> <span word="V">V</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Tsar">Tsar</span> <span word="Nicholas">Nicholas</span> <span word="II">II</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="cousins">cousins</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="socialised">socialised</span> <span word="together">together</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="latter">latter</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="monarchslooked">monarchslooked</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="alike">alike</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="societies">societies</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="presided">presided</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="kin">kin</span>. 我们对形势判断错误。随后的大屠杀导致3500万人口死亡或受伤，但这并不是不可避免。欧洲不仅比以往任何时候更加和平，而且更加富裕、更加健康，甚至按说是比以往更加稳定。各国之间联系更加紧密，威廉二世、乔治五世、尼古拉二世是堂表兄弟，相互往来密切。乔治五世与尼古拉二世长相酷似，他们所统治的国家也关系紧密。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="hybridised">hybridised</span> <span word="elite">elite</span> <span word="travelled">travelled</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="continent">continent</span>, <span word="patronising">patronising</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="hybridised">hybridised</span> <span word="music">music</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="art">art</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="swellingEuropean">swellingEuropean</span> <span word="middle">middle</span>-<span word="class">class</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="shopping">shopping</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="luxuries">luxuries</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="London">London</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Vienna">Vienna</span>. <span word="AndEurope">AndEurope</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="consolation">consolation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="socialismas">socialismas</span> <span word="preached">preached</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> 553<span word="delegates">delegates</span> <span word="from">from</span> 23 <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="gathered">gathered</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Switzerland">Switzerland</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="November">November</span> 1912 <span word="to">to</span> <span word="rededicatethemselves">rededicatethemselves</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="peace">peace</span>. <span word="Despite">Despite</span> <span word="expressions">expressions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="nationalist">nationalist</span> <span word="fervour">fervour</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="multi">multi</span>-<span word="tieredcontinental">tieredcontinental</span> <span word="identity">identity</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="emerging">emerging</span>. 一个有多国身份背景的精英人士在欧洲大陆旅行，为有多国风情的音乐与艺术提供赞助。人数不断增长的欧洲中产阶层选购相同的奢侈品，不论是在伦敦还是在维也纳。欧洲的工人得到了社会主义承诺的慰藉，至少国际会议的代表这样宣称23个国家的553名代表于1912年11月齐聚瑞士，声称要再次献身于世界和平。尽管仍有种族主义的狂热呼声，但是一个多层次的欧陆统一体逐渐呈现。 <span word="Charles">Charles</span> <span word="Emmerson">Emmerson</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="British">British</span> <span word="historian">historian</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="previously">previously</span> <span word="written">written</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fine">fine</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="theArctic">theArctic</span>, <span word="provides">provides</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="grand">grand</span> <span word="tour">tour</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="fateful">fateful</span> <span word="timeand">timeand</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="proceeds">proceeds</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Detroit">Detroit</span>,<span word="Buenos">Buenos</span> <span word="Aires">Aires</span>, <span word="Tehran">Tehran</span>, <span word="Bombay">Bombay</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Tokyo">Tokyo</span>, <span word="to">to</span> 23 <span word="cities">cities</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="all">all</span>. <span word="With">With</span> <span word="barely">barely</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="nod">nod</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="theimpending">theimpending</span> <span word="calamity">calamity</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="aims">aims</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="caused">caused</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="lost">lost</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="war">war</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="toretrieve">toretrieve</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="partial">partial</span> <span word="glare">glare</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="hindsight">hindsight</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="erupted">erupted</span>. 英国的年轻历史学家查尔斯艾默生之前曾写过一部有关北极地区的很好的书籍，他在这个重大时刻游历欧洲，接着继续游历了底特律、布宜诺斯艾利斯、德黑兰、孟买、东京等共23个城市。他只是简要提及了即将发生的大灾难，因为他的目的不是解释战争的起因或损失，而是要通过事后的审视与觉悟，认识灾难爆发之时的世界。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="modest">modest</span> <span word="undertaking">undertaking</span>. <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Emmerson">Emmerson</span> <span word="draws">draws</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wide">wide</span> <span word="range">range</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sources">sources</span>, <span word="includingmemoirs">includingmemoirs</span>, <span word="billboards">billboards</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="newspapers">newspapers</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="recreate">recreate</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="fairly">fairly</span> <span word="uneventful">uneventful</span>. 1913 <span word="sawthe">sawthe</span> <span word="opening">opening</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Stravinsky">Stravinsky</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Rite">Rite</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Spring">Spring</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="New">New</span> <span word="York">York</span> <span word="overtake">overtake</span> <span word="London">London</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="theworld">theworld</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="busiest">busiest</span> <span word="port">port</span>; <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="caesura">caesura</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="events">events</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Emmerson">Emmerson</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="noapology">noapology</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="geopolitical">geopolitical</span> <span word="verisimilitude">verisimilitude</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="describes">describes</span>. <span word="Not">Not</span> <span word="unlike">unlike</span> <span word="Marcel">Marcel</span> <span word="Proust">Proust</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="In">In</span> <span word="Searchof">Searchof</span> <span word="Lost">Lost</span> <span word="Time">Time</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="instalments">instalments</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1913, <span word="his">his</span> <span word="narrative">narrative</span> <span word="findscoherence">findscoherence</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="unremarkable">unremarkable</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="similarly">similarly</span> <span word="drag">drag</span>; <span word="but">but</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="emerges">emerges</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rich">rich</span> <span word="portraitand">portraitand</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ideas">ideas</span>. 这可不是简单的工作。艾默生要大范围的查阅资料，包括回忆录、布告板、报纸，这样才能在作品中重现太平无事的1913年。这一年，史特拉文斯基的《春之祭》首次公演，纽约超过伦敦，成为全世界最繁忙的港口城市。这是重大事件之前的宁静。艾默生先生没有为他所描述的真实的地缘政治辩护。马赛尔普鲁斯特的《追忆似水年华》第一部于1913年问世，与这部小说不同，艾默生在平凡的叙述中讲求连贯一致。这其中也会有类似的拖拉冗长，但最终曾现出来的是多姿多彩的描述，是一连串的重要思想。 <span word="Humanity">Humanity</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="shaped">shaped</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Great">Great</span> <span word="War">War</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="supposed">supposed</span>. <span word="Rather">Rather</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="of">of</span>1913 <span word="was">was</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="of">of</span> 2013: <span word="modern">modern</span>, <span word="substantially">substantially</span> <span word="urbanised">urbanised</span> <span word="and">and</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="WoodrowWilson">WoodrowWilson</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="slashing">slashing</span> <span word="import">import</span> <span word="tariffs">tariffs</span>, <span word="thriving">thriving</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="global">global</span> <span word="trade">trade</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="report">report</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="badharvest">badharvest</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Canada">Canada</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fall">fall</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="London">London</span> <span word="stockmarket">stockmarket</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="day">day</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="thearrangement">thearrangement</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="imports">imports</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Russian">Russian</span> <span word="wheat">wheat</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="week">week</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="European">European</span> <span word="empiresaugmented">empiresaugmented</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="linkages">linkages</span>; <span word="advertisements">advertisements</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="London">London</span> <span word="paper">paper</span> <span word="recommended">recommended</span> <span word="holidays">holidays</span> <span word="inSudan">inSudan</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="travel">travel</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="express">express</span> <span word="steamers">steamers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sleepcar">sleepcar</span> <span word="trains">trains</span>-<span word="de">de</span>-<span word="luxe">luxe</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="challenges">challenges</span> <span word="tocolonial">tocolonial</span> <span word="rule">rule</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="India">India</span>, <span word="South">South</span> <span word="Africa">Africa</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="elsewhere">elsewhere</span>, <span word="were">were</span> <span word="becoming">becoming</span> <span word="louder">louder</span>, <span word="partly">partly</span> <span word="due">due</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="thesame">thesame</span> <span word="global">global</span> <span word="forces">forces</span>. 人性并没有像人们通常所想的那样，由于一战而产生巨大的改变。相反，1913年的世界非常类似2013年的世界：它摩登现代，基本实现了城市化，尽管伍德罗?威尔逊严厉抨击进口关税，但世界经济繁荣发展。加拿大粮食歉收的报道会带来第二天伦敦股票市场的股票下跌，到该周周末会安排进口沙俄小麦。伦敦的一家报纸刊登广告，推荐乘坐特快汽船、特快豪华卧铺列车前往苏丹旅行。在印度、南非及其它地方，对殖民统治的反对之声越来越强烈，这部分是由于相同的国际力量。 <span word="Though">Though</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="features">features</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1913 <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="strangeincluding">strangeincluding</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="riches">riches</span> <span word="ofArgentinamost">ofArgentinamost</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="familiar">familiar</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="troubling">troubling</span> <span word="corollary">corollary</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="currenttesting">currenttesting</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="European">European</span> <span word="unity">unity</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reassertion">reassertion</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nation">nation</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="insecurity">insecurity</span> <span word="engendered">engendered</span> <span word="byrising">byrising</span> <span word="powers">powers</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="in">in</span> 2013 <span word="looks">looks</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bit">bit</span> <span word="discomfitingly">discomfitingly</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="of">of</span> 1913. 虽然1913年世界存在的一些特征似乎很奇怪这包括阿根廷的富裕但大部分特征都是人们所熟悉的。随之而来的是一种令人感到困恼的推断。目前是对欧洲统一体的测验，是对民族独立的重新坚持，是对大国崛起造成的不安全感的再次断言，这个过程中，2013年的世界与1913年的世界颇有几分类似，另人感到不安。 词语解释 1.<span word="gather">gather</span> <span word="in">in</span> 聚拢 <span word="Women">Women</span> <span word="gather">gather</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mosque">mosque</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="jakarta">jakarta</span>, <span word="indonesia">indonesia</span> 印度尼西亚雅加达，妇女们聚集在清真寺。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="hang">hang</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="hotels">hotels</span>, <span word="gather">gather</span> <span word="inrestaurants">inrestaurants</span>, <span word="debate">debate</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="bars">bars</span>. 他们游离在球队下榻的酒店、聚集在餐馆、在酒吧大肆争论。 2.<span word="aim">aim</span> <span word="to">to</span> 计划，打算 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="aim">aim</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="financial">financial</span> <span word="success">success</span>. 它们的唯一目标就是帮助你取得财务上的更大成功。 <span word="People">People</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="viruses">viruses</span> <span word="aim">aim</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="destroy">destroy</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="computers">computers</span>. 人们以为病毒的目的就是破坏他们的电脑。 3.<span word="retrieve">retrieve</span> <span word="from">from</span> 检索 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="try">try</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="posses">posses</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="demand">demand</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="expect">expect</span>...<span word="and">and</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="spillin">spillin</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="yourhand">yourhand</span>, <span word="love">love</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="retrieve">retrieve</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="you">you</span>. 他们试图占有它，他们要求，他们期待，那样就像溢出你的手掌的水一样，爱会从你身边撤退。 <span word="Assign">Assign</span> <span word="instantiated">instantiated</span> <span word="objects">objects</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="session">session</span> <span word="object">object</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="server">server</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="retrieve">retrieve</span> <span word="fromsession">fromsession</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="page">page</span>. 将实例化的对象分配给服务器上的<span word="session">session</span>对象，然后从新页中的<span word="session">session</span>检索。 4.<span word="publish">publish</span> <span word="in">in</span> 发表于 <span word="Click">Click</span> <span word="save">save</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="web">web</span> <span word="page">page</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="file">file</span> <span word="menu">menu</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="click">click</span> <span word="publish">publish</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="save">save</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="dialog">dialog</span> <span word="box">box</span>. 单击文件菜单上的另存为网页，然后单击另存为对话框中的发布。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="blogs">blogs</span> <span word="are">are</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>, <span word="niche">niche</span> <span word="magazines">magazines</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="choose">choose</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="publish">publish</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="blogformat">blogformat</span>. 另一类博客，实际上是以博客形式发布的非主流杂志。</p>
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