减肥大作战
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Fighting">Fighting</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="flab">flab</span> 减肥大作战 <span word="Corporate">Corporate</span> <span word="headquarters">headquarters</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="weight">weight</span>, <span word="andneed">andneed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="slim">slim</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="again">again</span> 企业的总部体积膨胀，需要再次瘦身 <span word="ONE">ONE</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="extraordinary">extraordinary</span> <span word="corporate">corporate</span> <span word="centres">centres</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="America">America</span>. 这可能是美国最奇怪的企业总部了 。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="Trian">Trian</span> <span word="Partners">Partners</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="disgruntled">disgruntled</span> <span word="shareholder">shareholder</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</span>, <span word="described">described</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="headquartersof">headquartersof</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="snacks">snacks</span>-<span word="to">to</span>-<span word="soft">soft</span>-<span word="drinks">drinks</span> <span word="company">company</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="letter">letter</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="board">board</span>. 特利安基金管理公司在给百事公司的董事会最近的一封信中抱怨道。特里安基金是这个销售零食和软饮料的公司的股东。 <span word="Set">Set</span> <span word="amid">amid</span> <span word="lakes">lakes</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fountains">fountains</span> <span word="in">in</span> 100 <span word="acres">acres</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="wealthy">wealthy</span> <span word="Westchester">Westchester</span> <span word="County">County</span>, <span word="New">New</span> <span word="York">York</span>,<span word="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="HQ">HQ</span> <span word="features">features</span> <span word="seven">seven</span> <span word="interconnected">interconnected</span> <span word="three">three</span>-<span word="storey">storey</span> <span word="office">office</span> <span word="buildings">buildings</span> <span word="designed">designed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span>1960<span word="s">s</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Edward">Edward</span> <span word="Durell">Durell</span> <span word="Stone">Stone</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pioneering">pioneering</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="modernist">modernist</span> <span word="architect">architect</span>. 百事总部位于纽约市富裕的威彻斯特郡，坐落于湖泊与喷泉之间，占地约100英亩，中心是七座相连的三层办公楼，此楼是美国现代主义先驱建筑师爱德华?斯通在1960年设计的。 <span word="Its">Its</span> <span word="crown">crown</span> <span word="jewel">jewel</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Donald">Donald</span> <span word="M">M</span>. <span word="Kendall">Kendall</span> <span word="Sculpture">Sculpture</span> <span word="Gardens">Gardens</span>, <span word="named">named</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="former">former</span> <span word="chiefexecutive">chiefexecutive</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="artists">artists</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Alexander">Alexander</span> <span word="Calder">Calder</span>, <span word="Henry">Henry</span> <span word="Moore">Moore</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="AugusteRodin">AugusteRodin</span>. 百事总部最吸引人的景观就是以其前总经理<span word="Donald">Donald</span> <span word="M">M</span>. <span word="Kendall">Kendall</span>名字命名，由<span word="Alexander">Alexander</span> <span word="Calder">Calder</span>、<span word="HenryMoore">HenryMoore</span> 和<span word="Auguste">Auguste</span> <span word="Rodin">Rodin</span>三位艺术家共同建造的雕塑花园。 <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Kendall">Kendall</span> <span word="reportedly">reportedly</span> <span word="intended">intended</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="garden">garden</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reflect">reflect</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="vision">vision</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="company">company</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="creatingan">creatingan</span> <span word="atmosphere">atmosphere</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="stability">stability</span>, <span word="creativity">creativity</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="experimentation">experimentation</span>. 据报道称，<span word="Kendall">Kendall</span>是想要这用花园能展现他对公司的构想，即稳定，创新和实验性。 <span word="Two">Two</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span> <span word="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="a">a</span> 243<span word="m">m</span> <span word="upgrade">upgrade</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="complex">complex</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="space">space</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="morestaff">morestaff</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="create">create</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="collaborative">collaborative</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="innovative">innovative</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="environment">environment</span>. 两年前，为了给更多的员工创造空间，并建立一个更利于协作与创新的工作环境，的百事公司斥资2.43亿美元，开始对其总部的建筑群进行升级。 <span word="Trian">Trian</span>, <span word="run">run</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Nelson">Nelson</span> <span word="Peltz">Peltz</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="veteran">veteran</span> <span word="activist">activist</span> <span word="investor">investor</span>, <span word="thinks">thinks</span> <span word="shareholders">shareholders</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="betterserved">betterserved</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="selling">selling</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="shedding">shedding</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> 1,100 <span word="workers">workers</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="broader">broader</span> <span word="cost">cost</span>-<span word="cuttingand">cuttingand</span> <span word="productivity">productivity</span>-<span word="boosting">boosting</span> <span word="strategy">strategy</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</span> <span word="split">split</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="two">two</span>. 由资深活跃投资人纳尔逊佩尔茨运作的特里安基金则认为，百事应该把总部卖掉，并将其中的1100名员工裁掉大半，以此作为消减成本和提升生产力计划的一部分，百事内部对此产生了分歧。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="raiders">raiders</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1980<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="fortunes">fortunes</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="seizing">seizing</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="shaping">shaping</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="flabby">flabby</span> <span word="conglomerates">conglomerates</span>,<span word="were">were</span> <span word="supposed">supposed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="corporate">corporate</span> <span word="extravagance">extravagance</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="administrative">administrative</span> <span word="bloat">bloat</span>. 上世纪八十年代的那些恶意收购者通过给臃肿的企业集团瘦身攫取了大量利益，人们本以为企业铺张浪费的习气和管理人员过剩的问题已经在那时被终结了。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="alone">alone</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="accused">accused</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span>. 可是，像百事这样因这类问题被诟病的公司不在少数。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="report">report</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Sanford">Sanford</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="Bernstein">Bernstein</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="firm">firm</span>, <span word="reckoned">reckoned</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Coca">Coca</span>-<span word="Cola">Cola</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="isspending">isspending</span> 100<span word="m">m</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="upgrading">upgrading</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Atlanta">Atlanta</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="overheads">overheads</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="are">are</span> 30% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sales">sales</span>,<span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</span> <span word="s">s</span> 32%. 调研公司<span word="Sanford">Sanford</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="Bernstein">Bernstein</span>最近的一份报告指出，可口可乐公司正花费1亿美元升级其在亚特兰大的总部，可口可乐公司的经常性开支占其营业额的30%，百事的则为32%。 <span word="Activist">Activist</span> <span word="investors">investors</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Trian">Trian</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="guns">guns</span> <span word="trained">trained</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="DuPont">DuPont</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="chemicals">chemicals</span> <span word="firm">firm</span>,<span word="may">may</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="inspiration">inspiration</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="examples">examples</span> <span word="highlighted">highlighted</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Bernstein">Bernstein</span>. 像特里安这样的活跃投资者又把矛头指向了化学公司<span word="DuPont">DuPont</span>，后者可能是受到了<span word="Bernstein">Bernstein</span>强调的那些反面教材的启发。 <span word="Procter">Procter</span> <span word="Gamble">Gamble</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="overheads">overheads</span> <span word="ratio">ratio</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="consumer">consumer</span>-<span word="goodsarchrival">goodsarchrival</span>, <span word="Unilever">Unilever</span>; <span word="so">so</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="Estee">Estee</span> <span word="Lauder">Lauder</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="compared">compared</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="L">L</span> <span word="Oreal">Oreal</span>, <span word="another">another</span> <span word="big">big</span> <span word="cosmeticsfirm">cosmeticsfirm</span>. 日用消费品公司<span word="Procter">Procter</span> <span word="Gamble">Gamble</span> <span word="s">s</span>的经常性开支比率比其主要竞争对手<span word="Unilever">Unilever</span>要高出一大截;化妆品行业大公司<span word="Estee">Estee</span> <span word="Lauder">Lauder</span>同<span word="L">L</span> <span word="Oreal">Oreal</span>也形成了这样鲜明的对比。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="big">big</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="benefit">benefit</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fresh">fresh</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="attheir">attheir</span> <span word="overheads">overheads</span>. 如果那些大公司能重新审视自己的费用开支，一定可以获益良多。 <span word="One">One</span>, <span word="perhaps">perhaps</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="Mars">Mars</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="family">family</span>-<span word="run">run</span> <span word="confectioner">confectioner</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="tiny">tiny</span>, <span word="frugal">frugal</span> <span word="HQ">HQ</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="suburban">suburban</span> <span word="Virginia">Virginia</span>. 玛氏食品公司就是一个很好的例子，这个家族企业在弗吉尼亚州郊外的总部简朴而精致。 <span word="Another">Another</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="Berkshire">Berkshire</span> <span word="Hathaway">Hathaway</span>. 伯克希尔哈撒韦公司也是个很好的例子。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="letter">letter</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="shareholders">shareholders</span>, <span word="sent">sent</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="month">month</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="conglomerate">conglomerate</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="boss">boss</span>, <span word="WarrenBuffett">WarrenBuffett</span>, <span word="broke">broke</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="long">long</span>-<span word="standing">standing</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="pictures">pictures</span> <span word="policy">policy</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="head">head</span>-<span word="office">office</span> <span word="team">team</span>, <span word="just">just</span> 24<span word="strong">strong</span>. 上个月，这个大集团的的老板巴菲特在今年给股东的信中打破了其长期以来的无照片的传统，展示了他仅由24名精英组成的总公司团队。 <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Buffett">Buffett</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="big">big</span> <span word="acquisition">acquisition</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Heinz">Heinz</span>, <span word="was">was</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="partnership">partnership</span> <span word="with">with</span> 3<span word="G">G</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Brazilianprivate">Brazilianprivate</span>-<span word="equity">equity</span> <span word="firm">firm</span> <span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="boss">boss</span>, <span word="Jorge">Jorge</span> <span word="Paulo">Paulo</span> <span word="Lemann">Lemann</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="passion">passion</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="cost">cost</span>-<span word="saving">saving</span>. 巴菲特上一笔大宗收购，就是与巴西的私募股权公司3<span word="G">G</span>资本合伙收购亨氏食品。3<span word="G">G</span>的老板<span word="Jorge">Jorge</span> <span word="PauloLemann">PauloLemann</span>很热衷于消减成本。 <span word="Heinz">Heinz</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="undergone">undergone</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="round">round</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cuts">cuts</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="pressure">pressure</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Peltz">Peltz</span>. 虽然亨氏之前就已经在<span word="Peltz">Peltz</span>的督促下进行了一轮开支消减。 <span word="But">But</span> 3<span word="G">G</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="plenty">plenty</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="trim">trim</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="zero">zero</span>-<span word="based">based</span> <span word="budgeting">budgeting</span> <span word="approach">approach</span>, <span word="inwhich">inwhich</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="spending">spending</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="justified">justified</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="principles">principles</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="year">year</span>. 但3<span word="G">G</span>认为还有很多地方需要消减，才能达到它的零基准预算标准，即每一项开支都要以实现公司的年度目标为目的。 <span word="Swathes">Swathes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="managerial">managerial</span> <span word="jobs">jobs</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="axed">axed</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="company">company</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="aviation">aviation</span> <span word="department">department</span>, <span word="whichran">whichran</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="corporate">corporate</span> <span word="planes">planes</span>. 亨氏大片的管理层职位被砍掉，其中包括管理企业飞机的航空部。 <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Buffett">Buffett</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="impressed">impressed</span>: <span word="hitherto">hitherto</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="mostly">mostly</span> <span word="bought">bought</span> <span word="well">well</span>-<span word="run">run</span> <span word="firms">firms</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="largelyleave">largelyleave</span> <span word="alone">alone</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="wants">wants</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="deals">deals</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Heinz">Heinz</span> <span word="one">one</span>. 巴菲特对此印象深刻，想来只会收购那些自我运行良好，不需要他再多加关注的企业，但现在，他想多做几次像亨氏这样的收购。 <span word="Of">Of</span> <span word="course">course</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span>, <span word="other">other</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="differing">differing</span> <span word="levels">levels</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="bloat">bloat</span>, <span word="why">why</span> <span word="businesses">businesses</span> <span word="varygreatly">varygreatly</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="functions">functions</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="performed">performed</span> <span word="centrally">centrally</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="otherresources">otherresources</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="needed">needed</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="head">head</span> <span word="office">office</span>. 除了不同程度的人员过剩之外，当然还有其他原因，造成了各企业在职能的重心取向方面和总部需要的人力物力多寡方面千差万别。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="piled">piled</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pounds">pounds</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="years">years</span>. 然而，的确有证据近年来企业有增重的趋势。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Sven">Sven</span> <span word="Kunisch">Kunisch</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="management">management</span> <span word="professor">professor</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="St">St</span> <span word="Gallen">Gallen</span> <span word="inSwitzerland">inSwitzerland</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="others">others</span> <span word="looked">looked</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="head">head</span> <span word="offices">offices</span> <span word="of">of</span> 761 <span word="big">big</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span> <span word="andAmerica">andAmerica</span> <span word="between">between</span> 2007 <span word="and">and</span> 2010. 瑞士圣加伦大学的管理学教授<span word="Sven">Sven</span> <span word="Kunisch">Kunisch</span>及其同事以2007至2010年全球761个大型企业的总部为对象进行了一项研究。 <span word="By">By</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="period">period</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="quarter">quarter</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> 600 <span word="staff">staff</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="HQ">HQ</span>, <span word="whereas">whereas</span> <span word="anotherquarter">anotherquarter</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="than">than</span> 63. 截至年底,四分之一的公司拥有超过600名员工,而另一个季度已经不到63人。 <span word="Two">Two</span>-<span word="thirds">thirds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="firms">firms</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="significant">significant</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="period">period</span>, <span word="generallystrengthening">generallystrengthening</span> <span word="centralised">centralised</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="divisions">divisions</span>. 三分之二的公司表示他们已经取得了重大变化,普遍加强中央集权控制他们所存在的分歧。 <span word="Some">Some</span> 44% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="firms">firms</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="increased">increased</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="headcount">headcount</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="HQ">HQ</span>, <span word="whereas">whereas</span> <span word="only">only</span> 28% <span word="trimmed">trimmed</span>. 截至2010年，其中四分之一的企业都加强了对其分部的控制，约44%的企业都增加其总部的人数，而只有28%进行了消减。 <span word="Of">Of</span> <span word="the">the</span> 21 <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="head">head</span> <span word="offices">offices</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="located">located</span>, <span word="only">only</span> <span word="ones">ones</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Denmark">Denmark</span> <span word="andGreece">andGreece</span> <span word="reduced">reduced</span> <span word="staff">staff</span> <span word="numbers">numbers</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="average">average</span>. 在此研究涉及到的21个国家中，只有位于丹麦和希腊两国的企业总部的平均员工人数减少了。 <span word="All">All</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wake">wake</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="financial">financial</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span>, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="striving">striving</span> <span word="toprotect">toprotect</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="profit">profit</span> <span word="margins">margins</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="cutting">cutting</span> <span word="jobs">jobs</span> <span word="elsewhere">elsewhere</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="workforce">workforce</span>. 而这也是由于金融危机的影响，企业为了保证其利润率，只得裁员以减少工资支出。 <span word="All">All</span> <span word="aboard">aboard</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mother">mother</span> <span word="ship">ship</span> 登上母舰 <span word="What">What</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="return">return</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="head">head</span>-<span word="office">office</span> <span word="bloat">bloat</span>? 是什么原因再次造成了企业总部的膨胀呢? <span word="The">The</span> <span word="crusade">crusade</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="leaner">leaner</span>, <span word="more">more</span> <span word="focused">focused</span> <span word="companies">companies</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1980<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="ran">ran</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="ofsteam">ofsteam</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="century">century</span>. 上世纪美国刮起了一场主要集中于企业的精简运动，从80年代一直持续到世纪末。 <span word="And">And</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="issues">issues</span> <span word="moved">moved</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="bosses">bosses</span> <span word="agendas">agendas</span>, <span word="each">each</span> <span word="seemingly">seemingly</span> <span word="justifying">justifying</span> <span word="extra">extra</span> <span word="staff">staff</span> <span word="atHQ">atHQ</span>: <span word="globalisation">globalisation</span> <span word="meant">meant</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mother">mother</span> <span word="ship">ship</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="far">far</span>-<span word="flung">flung</span> <span word="operations">operations</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="oversee">oversee</span>; <span word="newdigital">newdigital</span> <span word="technology">technology</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="easier">easier</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="theory">theory</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="centralise">centralise</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="oversight">oversight</span>; <span word="and">and</span>, <span word="startingwith">startingwith</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Sarbanes">Sarbanes</span>-<span word="Oxley">Oxley</span> <span word="act">act</span> <span word="in">in</span> 2002, <span word="deregulation">deregulation</span> <span word="gave">gave</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="growing">growing</span> <span word="regulatoryburden">regulatoryburden</span>, <span word="bringing">bringing</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bigger">bigger</span> <span word="head">head</span>-<span word="office">office</span> <span word="compliance">compliance</span> <span word="operation">operation</span>. 三个原因使得这一运动开始转向，每个原因似乎都为企业增加总部的多余人员提供了合理性：全球化意味着企业总部需要监管更多的海外业务;数字技术理论上也为企业实施集中控制和监督提供了便利;另外，美国在2002颁布的萨宾法案也加重了企业监管负担，企业为了进行合规操作，不得不扩大总部。 <span word="Various">Various</span> <span word="events">events</span>, <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="September">September</span> 11<span word="th">th</span> 2001 <span word="terror">terror</span> <span word="attacks">attacks</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="financial">financial</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span>, <span word="mayhave">mayhave</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="bosses">bosses</span> <span word="view">view</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="increasingly">increasingly</span> <span word="complicated">complicated</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="uncertain">uncertain</span> <span word="place">place</span>. 从2001年的911事件到后来的的金融危机，各种意外事件已经让企业家们觉得这个世界正变得越来越复杂多变。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="surprising">surprising</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="responded">responded</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Jeffrey">Jeffrey</span> <span word="Immelt">Immelt</span>, <span word="theboss">theboss</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="GE">GE</span>: <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="latest">latest</span> <span word="annual">annual</span> <span word="letter">letter</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="shareholders">shareholders</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="confessed">confessed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="We">We</span> <span word="attempted">attempted</span> <span word="tomanage">tomanage</span> <span word="volatility">volatility</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="layers">layers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="reviewers">reviewers</span>. 所以某些人的表现得像通用电气的的老板伊梅尔特一样其实并不奇怪:在最近的一封给股东的年度致股东信中，他进行了自我反省：我们曾期望用层层审查来控制不确定性。 <span word="Like">Like</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="guilty">guilty</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="countering">countering</span> <span word="complexity">complexity</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="complexity">complexity</span>...<span word="moreinspectors">moreinspectors</span>, <span word="multiple">multiple</span> <span word="reviewers">reviewers</span>. 像很多公司一样，用复杂的系统来解决复杂的问题，我们对此感到很内疚更多的监管人员，更多的审查者。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="structure">structure</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="artificial">artificial</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="management">management</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="wereinsulating">wereinsulating</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="market">market</span>. <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Immelt">Immelt</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="decided">decided</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reversecourse">reversecourse</span>. 这样的结果就是高成本的结构，一种风险得到控制的错觉，而且还把我们的员工同市场隔离起来。 <span word="GE">GE</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="launched">launched</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="simplification">simplification</span> <span word="strategy">strategy</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="goal">goal</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cutting">cutting</span> <span word="overheads">overheads</span> <span word="to">to</span> 12% <span word="ofsales">ofsales</span> <span word="from">from</span> 16%, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="a">a</span> 45% <span word="reduction">reduction</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="corporate">corporate</span> <span word="headquarters">headquarters</span>, <span word="by">by</span>2016. 伊梅尔特现在决定转变方向。通用已经开启了一个新的精简计划，目标是在2016年之前把开支从占营业额16%减到12%，其中包括把企业总部的开支消减45%。 <span word="Other">Other</span> <span word="bosses">bosses</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="wise">wise</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="expect">expect</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Peltz">Peltz</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="fellow">fellow</span> <span word="activistson">activistson</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="case">case</span>. 其他的企业老板最好也去效仿伊梅尔特，不然只好等着成为佩尔茨等的一众活跃投资人的靶子了。 词语解释 1.<span word="slim">slim</span> <span word="down">down</span> 消瘦 <span word="If">If</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="re">re</span> <span word="trying">trying</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="slim">slim</span> <span word="down">down</span>, <span word="small">small</span> <span word="steps">steps</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="leadto">leadto</span> <span word="big">big</span> <span word="results">results</span>. 如果你想瘦身，一些小措施也会有大效果。 <span word="Can">Can</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="figure">figure</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="tobulk">tobulk</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="slim">slim</span> <span word="down">down</span>? 难道这些人连自己想干什么都弄不清楚吗，到底是要壮大还是要瘦身? 2.<span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> 例如;譬如;诸如 <span word="Reduce">Reduce</span> <span word="exposure">exposure</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="groups">groups</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="kids">kids</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="child">child</span>-<span word="care">care</span> <span word="centers">centers</span>. 尽可能减少暴露在大规模其他儿童中，比如说在幼儿中心。 <span word="Check">Check</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="websites">websites</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="venture">venture</span> <span word="hacks">hacks</span>. 去像<span word="venture">venture</span> <span word="hacks">hacks</span>此类网站进行了解。 3.<span word="shape">shape</span> <span word="up">up</span> 改进，顺利发展 <span word="Weight">Weight</span> <span word="watchers">watchers</span> <span word="agreed">agreed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="donate">donate</span>$ 1 <span word="million">million</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="shape">shape</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="america">america</span>! 惠氏承认捐赠了100万美元给塑身美国! <span word="Nudge">Nudge</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="selected">selected</span> <span word="shape">shape</span> <span word="up">up</span>. 向上微移所选的形状。 4.<span word="accuse">accuse</span> <span word="of">of</span> 指责，控告 <span word="For">For</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="perish">perish</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="animals">animals</span>, <span word="whom">whom</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="accuse">accuse</span> <span word="ofcommunism">ofcommunism</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="anticommunism">anticommunism</span>. 因为不驻人会被消灭，而且动物也会被消灭，没有人能指责它们是共产主义或反共产主义。 <span word="Guy">Guy</span> <span word="philippe">philippe</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="former">former</span> <span word="soldier">soldier</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rebellion">rebellion</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="mr">mr</span> <span word="aristide">aristide</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="whom">whom</span> <span word="theamericans">theamericans</span> <span word="accuse">accuse</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="drug">drug</span>-<span word="trafficking">trafficking</span>, <span word="says">says</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="run">run</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="senate">senate</span>. <span word="Guy">Guy</span> <span word="philippe">philippe</span>曾当过兵，领导过反对<span word="aristide">aristide</span>先生的叛乱，美国人指责他走私毒品，他说自己将竞选参议院议员。</p>
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