煤炭将是未来的能源
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Coal">Coal</span> 煤炭 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="fuel">fuel</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="future">future</span>, <span word="unfortunately">unfortunately</span> 很不幸，这便是未来的能源 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="cheap">cheap</span>, <span word="ubiquitous">ubiquitous</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="flexible">flexible</span> <span word="fuel">fuel</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="justone">justone</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> 这是一种廉价、易得且用途广泛的燃料，但仅存在着一个问题 <span word="WHAT">WHAT</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="want">want</span>? <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="cheap">cheap</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="extract">extract</span>, <span word="ship">ship</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="burn">burn</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="isabundant">isabundant</span>: <span word="proven">proven</span> <span word="reserves">reserves</span> <span word="amount">amount</span> <span word="to">to</span> 109 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="current">current</span> <span word="consumption">consumption</span>, <span word="reckons">reckons</span> <span word="BP">BP</span>, <span word="aBritish">aBritish</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="giant">giant</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="mostly">mostly</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="politically">politically</span> <span word="stable">stable</span> <span word="places">places</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wide">wide</span> <span word="choice">choice</span> <span word="ofdependable">ofdependable</span> <span word="sellers">sellers</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="BHP">BHP</span> <span word="Billiton">Billiton</span> , <span word="Glencore">Glencore</span> ,<span word="Peabody">Peabody</span> <span word="Energy">Energy</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Arch">Arch</span> <span word="Coal">Coal</span>. 还能奢望更多的好条件吗?这是一种廉价，且便于获取、装运和燃烧的能源。它的储量十分丰富：英国能源巨头<span word="BP">BP</span>证实，现有的煤炭储量可供人们维持目前的消耗量长达109年。煤炭资源还大多分布于政治稳定的地区。可靠的煤炭供应商数量众多，如必和必拓、嘉能可，以及皮博迪和阿齐。 <span word="Other">Other</span> <span word="fuels">fuels</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="beset">beset</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="interference">interference</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="cartels">cartels</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="industry">industry</span> <span word="consumersinheating">consumersinheating</span>, <span word="power">power</span> <span word="generation">generation</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="metallurgyare">metallurgyare</span> <span word="firmly">firmly</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="charge">charge</span>, <span word="keeping">keeping</span> <span word="prices">prices</span> <span word="low">low</span>. <span word="Just">Just</span> <span word="asthis">asthis</span> <span word="wonder">wonder</span>-<span word="fuel">fuel</span> <span word="once">once</span> <span word="powered">powered</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="industrial">industrial</span> <span word="revolution">revolution</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="offers">offers</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="chance">chance</span> <span word="forpoor">forpoor</span> <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="wanting">wanting</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="rich">rich</span>. 其他能源均被国家或者卡特尔寡头所控制，但在煤炭产业当中，其供暖、电力和冶金业的消费者处于绝对主导地位，令价格持续低廉。正如当年这一完美的能源推动着工业革命的发展，现在它也为贫穷国家们提供着发家致富的绝佳机会。 <span word="Such">Such</span> <span word="arguments">arguments</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="basis">basis</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="PR">PR</span> <span word="campaign">campaign</span> <span word="launched">launched</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Peabody">Peabody</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="slargest">slargest</span> <span word="private">private</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="company">company</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="indeed">indeed</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="boon">boon</span>, <span word="were">were</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="smallproblem">smallproblem</span>: <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="devastatingly">devastatingly</span> <span word="dirty">dirty</span>. <span word="Mining">Mining</span>, <span word="transport">transport</span>, <span word="storage">storage</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="burning">burning</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="fraught">fraught</span> <span word="withmess">withmess</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="danger">danger</span>. <span word="Deep">Deep</span> <span word="mines">mines</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="intolerably">intolerably</span> <span word="filthy">filthy</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="dangerousconditions">dangerousconditions</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="opencast">opencast</span> <span word="mining">mining</span>, <span word="now">now</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="source">source</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="coal">coal</span>, <span word="rips">rips</span> <span word="awaytopsoil">awaytopsoil</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="gobbles">gobbles</span> <span word="water">water</span>. <span word="Transporting">Transporting</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="brings">brings</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="host">host</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="environmental">environmental</span> <span word="problems">problems</span>. 如此的论断正是皮博迪公司发起的新一轮公关活动的核心内容，而目前该公司是全世界最大的私人煤炭企业。煤炭本该成为上帝的惠泽，而若不是因为这一个小小的问题：它的破坏性污染。开采、运输、储存和燃烧使用的一系列过程中，不仅充满着问题，还具有相当的危险性。深入地下的矿井意味着矿工们要在难以忍受的肮脏以及危险的条件下工作。但目前大多数煤矿所进行的地表开采，不仅会使地表土壤流失，同时也消耗着大量的水。煤炭的运输还会带来一系列的环境问题。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="increased">increased</span> <span word="emissions">emissions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="carbon">carbon</span> <span word="dioxide">dioxide</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="soaring">soaring</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="consumption">consumption</span> <span word="threaten">threaten</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="fry">fry</span> <span word="theplanet">theplanet</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Intergovernmental">Intergovernmental</span> <span word="Panel">Panel</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Climate">Climate</span> <span word="Change">Change</span> <span word="reminded">reminded</span> <span word="everyone">everyone</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="newreport">newreport</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="week">week</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="CO">CO</span>2 <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="oceans">oceans</span> <span word="acid">acid</span>; <span word="burning">burning</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="produces">produces</span> <span word="sulphurdioxide">sulphurdioxide</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="buildings">buildings</span> <span word="crumble">crumble</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="lungs">lungs</span> <span word="sting">sting</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="toxic">toxic</span> <span word="chemicals">chemicals</span>. <span word="Bysome">Bysome</span> <span word="counts">counts</span>, <span word="coal">coal</span>-<span word="fired">fired</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="stations">stations</span> <span word="emit">emit</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="radioactivity">radioactivity</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="nuclear">nuclear</span> <span word="ones">ones</span>. <span word="Theyrelease">Theyrelease</span> <span word="tiny">tiny</span>, <span word="lethal">lethal</span> <span word="particulates">particulates</span>. <span word="Per">Per</span> <span word="unit">unit</span> <span word="generated">generated</span>, <span word="coal">coal</span>-<span word="fired">fired</span> <span word="stations">stations</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="moredeaths">moredeaths</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="nuclear">nuclear</span> <span word="ones">ones</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="oil">oil</span>-<span word="fired">fired</span> <span word="ones">ones</span>. 正如联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会在这周最新的报告中所提醒的，持续增长煤炭消耗带来的二氧化碳排放的增加，使得地球温室效应加剧。二氧化碳的增加使得海水的酸度增加;与此同时，煤炭的燃烧产生二氧化硫和其他一些有毒化学物质，而这导致了建筑物结构的损伤以及人类肺部的损害。根据某种计算方式，煤炭发电厂所排放的辐射物质甚至比核电厂所排放的还要多。各大电厂所排放的都是极小的致命微粒。而煤电厂每单位发电排放的致命微粒要远比核电厂多，甚至比石油发电厂还要多。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="poverty">poverty</span> <span word="kills">kills</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="too">too</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="slow">slow</span> <span word="growth">growth</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="politicians">politicians</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="jobs">jobs</span>. <span word="Two">Two</span> <span word="decades">decades</span> <span word="ofenvironmental">ofenvironmental</span> <span word="worries">worries</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="proving">proving</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="marginal">marginal</span> <span word="constraint">constraint</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="global">global</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="industry">industry</span>.<span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="trying">trying</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="out">out</span>: <span word="in">in</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="Consol">Consol</span> <span word="Energy">Energy</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="selling">selling</span> <span word="five">five</span> <span word="mines">mines</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="West">West</span> <span word="Virginia">Virginia</span> <span word="toconcentrate">toconcentrate</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="shale">shale</span> <span word="gas">gas</span>. <span word="Big">Big</span> <span word="coal">coal</span>-<span word="burners">burners</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="Electric">Electric</span> <span word="Power">Power</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="DukeEnergy">DukeEnergy</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="shutting">shutting</span> <span word="coal">coal</span>-<span word="fired">fired</span> <span word="plants">plants</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="despite">despite</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="shale">shale</span>-<span word="gas">gas</span> <span word="boom">boom</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="federalEnergy">federalEnergy</span> <span word="Information">Information</span> <span word="Administration">Administration</span> <span word="reckons">reckons</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="by">by</span> 2040 <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="generating">generating</span>22% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="electricity">electricity</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="coal">coal</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="International">International</span> <span word="Energy">Energy</span> <span word="Agency">Agency</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="predicted">predicted</span> <span word="that">that</span>,<span word="barring">barring</span> <span word="policy">policy</span> <span word="changes">changes</span>, <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="rival">rival</span> <span word="oil">oil</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="importance">importance</span> <span word="by">by</span> 2017. <span word="As">As</span> <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="richer">richer</span> <span word="theytend">theytend</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="alternativesChina">alternativesChina</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="scrambling">scrambling</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="curb">curb</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="rising">rising</span> <span word="consumption">consumption</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="others">others</span>,<span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="India">India</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Africa">Africa</span>, <span word="are">are</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="slack">slack</span>. 但贫穷问题也同样危害着人们的生命安全，而缓慢的经济增长更是会令政治家们失去自己的饭碗。二十年来的环境问题，证实了目前对于全球煤炭行业仅仅存在着一个最基本的限制。部分煤炭企业则试图抽身离开：美国康寿能源公司正在叫卖位于维吉尼亚西部的五个煤矿，从而专注于页岩气的开发。像美国电力和杜克能源等大型煤炭消耗的电力公司，则着手关闭他们旗下的煤电厂。但尽管美国页岩气开采实现了产量增长的井喷，联邦能源信息管理局预计截至2040年全国发电量中的22%会来自煤电厂。国际能源总署甚至还预言说，除非政策发生变化，煤炭的地位很可能在2017年便超越石油。随着国家的富强，宏观管理当局总倾向于在能源方面寻找煤炭的替代品---中国目前正积极削减节节攀升的煤炭消耗。但像印度和非洲地区的其他国家，正准备填补煤炭需求的短缺。 <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="gas">gas</span> <span word="boom">boom</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="prompted">prompted</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="miners">miners</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="seek">seek</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="export">export</span> <span word="markets">markets</span>, <span word="sendingprices">sendingprices</span> <span word="plunging">plunging</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="markets">markets</span>. <span word="So">So</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="consumers">consumers</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="horribleside">horribleside</span>-<span word="effects">effects</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="irresistibly">irresistibly</span> <span word="cheap">cheap</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="Germany">Germany</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="costs">costs</span> <span word="half">half</span> <span word="theprice">theprice</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="watts">watts</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="gas">gas</span>-<span word="fired">fired</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="station">station</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="paradox">paradox</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="booming">booming</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="acountry">acountry</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="respects">respects</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="greenest">greenest</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span>. <span word="Its">Its</span> <span word="production">production</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="cheap">cheap</span>,<span word="dirty">dirty</span> <span word="brown">brown</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="at">at</span> 162 <span word="billion">billion</span> <span word="kilowatt">kilowatt</span> <span word="hours">hours</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="highest">highest</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="days">days</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thedecrepit">thedecrepit</span> <span word="East">East</span> <span word="Germany">Germany</span>. 美国天然气市场的繁荣，促使着本地煤炭企业到海外拓展市场，推动者煤炭国际价格的下跌。只要一天消费者们仍不用对燃烧煤炭的副作用承担责任，那么煤炭价格将依旧保持那让人难以拒绝的低廉。在德国，煤炭发电的成本仅为天然气发电的一半。这是一个多么自相矛盾的情况：煤炭正推动着其经济的发展，而在其他方面，德国却是欧洲最环保的国家。由廉价、肮脏的棕色煤块所产生的电力，目前已经达到了自东德时期以来的最高水平，达到了1620亿千瓦时。 <span word="Japan">Japan</span>, <span word="too">too</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="turning">turning</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wake">wake</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Fukushima">Fukushima</span> <span word="nuclear">nuclear</span> <span word="disaster">disaster</span>. <span word="On">On</span> <span word="April">April</span> 11<span word="ththe">ththe</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="approved">approved</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="entrenching">entrenching</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="long">long</span>-<span word="term">term</span> <span word="electricitysource">electricitysource</span>. 随着福岛核电站事故的发生，日本也转向于使用煤炭发电。在4月11号，日本政府颁布了新的能源规划，以巩固煤炭作为长期发电燃料的地位。 <span word="International">International</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="face">face</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="worries">worries</span>. <span word="One">One</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="governments">governments</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="eventuallyimpose">eventuallyimpose</span> <span word="punitive">punitive</span> <span word="levies">levies</span>, <span word="tariffs">tariffs</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="restrictions">restrictions</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="mucky">mucky</span> <span word="product">product</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="theglobal">theglobal</span> <span word="glut">glut</span>. <span word="Prices">Prices</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="thermal">thermal</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="at">at</span> 80-85 <span word="a">a</span> <span word="tonne">tonne</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="barely">barely</span> <span word="covers">covers</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="ofcapital">ofcapital</span>. <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="Australian">Australian</span> <span word="producers">producers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="mining">mining</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="loss">loss</span>, <span word="having">having</span> <span word="signed">signed</span> <span word="freight">freight</span> <span word="contractswith">contractswith</span> <span word="railways">railways</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="ports">ports</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="capacity">capacity</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span>. 国际煤炭公司面临着两大问题。首先是各大政府或许最终会对他们肮脏的产品征收惩罚性的税费、增加关税以及增设限制。其次，便是全球煤炭市场的供过于求。电煤的价格位于每公吨80至85美元之间，而这仅仅只够补偿资金成本。由于签订了铁路和港口的运输合同，部分澳洲供应商甚至还处于亏损的经营状态。 <span word="One">One</span> <span word="answer">answer</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="cost">cost</span>-<span word="cutting">cutting</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="efficiency">efficiency</span>, <span word="much">much</span> <span word="stressed">stressed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="BHPBilliton">BHPBilliton</span>. <span word="Unlike">Unlike</span> <span word="oil">oil</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="gas">gas</span>, <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="geologically">geologically</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="require">require</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="costly">costly</span> <span word="array">array</span> <span word="ofdrills">ofdrills</span>, <span word="platforms">platforms</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="pipes">pipes</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="price">price</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="low">low</span>, <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="decide">decide</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="stop">stop</span> <span word="productionand">productionand</span> <span word="await">await</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="times">times</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="thriftiness">thriftiness</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="capital">capital</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="limits">limits</span>: <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mining">mining</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="goingup">goingup</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="easiest">easiest</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="seams">seams</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="worked">worked</span> <span word="out">out</span>. 其中一个解决之道，在于成本削减和效率提升，而一些公司已大力着手实施，例如必和必拓。与油气资源不同，煤炭开采的地理复杂程度低，不需要成本高昂的钻井平台和输送管道。如果价格太低，公司可以选择停止开采以等待更好的机会。但缩减投资规模也有它的局限：在最便利的煤层开采完毕后，接下来的煤炭开采成本便会持续上升。 <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="tried">tried</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="switch">switch</span> <span word="efforts">efforts</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="met">met</span> <span word="coal">coal</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="fuels">fuels</span> <span word="smelters">smelters</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="wasthought">wasthought</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="scarcer">scarcer</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="profitable">profitable</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="suffered">suffered</span>. <span word="Supplies">Supplies</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="met">met</span> <span word="coalhave">coalhave</span> <span word="proved">proved</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="abundant">abundant</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="expected">expected</span>. 一些公司已经尝试去开发冶金煤炭市场。冶金煤炭，是专为熔炉供热使用的煤炭，而这部分的资源曾被人认为是较为稀缺且利润丰厚。然而，这一想法显然与事实不同。冶金煤炭的供应已经被证实了远比设想的要充足。 <span word="Perhaps">Perhaps</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="biggest">biggest</span> <span word="hope">hope</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="involved">involved</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="industry">industry</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="technology">technology</span>. <span word="Mining">Mining</span> <span word="andtransporting">andtransporting</span> <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="messy">messy</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="overlooked">overlooked</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="burned">burned</span> <span word="cheaplyand">cheaplyand</span> <span word="cleanly">cleanly</span>. <span word="Promising">Promising</span> <span word="technologies">technologies</span> <span word="abound">abound</span>: <span word="pulverising">pulverising</span> <span word="coal">coal</span>, <span word="extracting">extracting</span> <span word="gas">gas</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="it">it</span>,<span word="scrubbing">scrubbing</span> <span word="emissions">emissions</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="capturing">capturing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="CO">CO</span>2. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="none">none</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="scalable">scalable</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wayneeded">wayneeded</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="dent">dent</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="colossal">colossal</span> <span word="damage">damage</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="coal">coal</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="require">require</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="subsidiesfromconsumers">subsidiesfromconsumers</span>, <span word="shareholders">shareholders</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="taxpayers">taxpayers</span>. 也许对所有煤炭行业相关的人来说，最大的希望是在于科技的发展。虽然煤炭开采和运输问题将一直存在，然而，如果它的燃烧利用能变得更为干净和低廉，上述小问题肯定会被大家所忽略。大量的技术值得我们去期待：煤炭粉碎、煤块提取燃气、气体排放净化以及二氧化碳捕获。但对于减少由煤炭造成的巨大伤害方面，这些技术都没有所需要的促进作用。与此同时，这些技术的开发还需要来自消费者、企业股东以及纳税人的巨额资助。 <span word="A">A</span> 5.2 <span word="billion">billion</span> <span word="taxpayer">taxpayer</span>-<span word="supported">supported</span> <span word="clean">clean</span>-<span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="plant">plant</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Mississippi">Mississippi</span> <span word="incorporates">incorporates</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="latesttechnology">latesttechnology</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="at">at</span> 6,800 <span word="per">per</span> <span word="kilowatt">kilowatt</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="costliest">costliest</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="plant">plant</span> <span word="yet">yet</span> <span word="built">built</span>. <span word="At">At</span> <span word="thoseprices">thoseprices</span>, <span word="coal">coal</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="stay">stay</span> <span word="dirty">dirty</span>. 在密西西比州，一座由政府出资价值52亿美元的清洁煤炭发电厂，集中了所有最新科技。但那儿每千瓦时的发电成本高达6800美元，创下了有史以来的电厂发电最高的成本。如此高价的清洁代价，意味着煤炭目前还得贴着污染的标签。 词语解释 1.<span word="amount">amount</span> <span word="to">to</span> 共计;意味着 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="critics">critics</span> <span word="grumble">grumble</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="policies">policies</span> <span word="amount">amount</span> <span word="toputting">toputting</span> <span word="haiti">haiti</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="sale">sale</span>. 但他的批评者则抱怨说他的政策相当于将海地拿去卖掉。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="placebos">placebos</span> <span word="amount">amount</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="lying">lying</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="patient">patient</span>. <span word="Surelyour">Surelyour</span> <span word="troops">troops</span> <span word="deserve">deserve</span> <span word="better">better</span>. 但是安慰剂就相当于对患者撒谎，我们的军队值得拥有更好的治疗。 2.<span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> 既又除之外 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lack">lack</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reaction">reaction</span> <span word="today">today</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="news">news</span>. 以及为何消息公布后市场反应不大。 <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="provoke">provoke</span> <span word="fear">fear</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="wonder">wonder</span>. 然而他们也激起了恐惧以及困惑。 3.<span word="threaten">threaten</span> <span word="to">to</span> 威胁 <span word="Now">Now</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="measures">measures</span> <span word="threaten">threaten</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reignite">reignite</span> <span word="tensions">tensions</span>. 如今另两个措施威胁再度燃起紧张局势。 <span word="Now">Now</span> <span word="e">e</span>-<span word="books">books</span> <span word="threaten">threaten</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="undermine">undermine</span> <span word="sales">sales</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="old">old</span>-<span word="fashioned">fashioned</span> <span word="kind">kind</span>. 如今，传统图书的销售受到电子书的威胁。 4.<span word="concentrate">concentrate</span> <span word="on">on</span> 全神贯注,专心于 <span word="Filter">Filter</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="noise">noise</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="nonsense">nonsense</span>. <span word="Only">Only</span> <span word="concentrate">concentrate</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="deeply">deeply</span> <span word="desire">desire</span>. 过滤掉噪音和胡言乱语，只全神贯注于你内心深处的向往。 <span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="concentrate">concentrate</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="wine">wine</span> <span word="bottled">bottled</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span> 50 <span word="years">years</span>. 多数基金集中投资过去50年中装瓶的品种。</p>
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