谈独特玩笑
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Telling">Telling</span> <span word="jokes">jokes</span> 谈独特玩笑 <span word="Have">Have</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="heard">heard</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="one">one</span> 你有没有听过 <span word="Groucho">Groucho</span> <span word="Marx">Marx</span> <span word="liked">liked</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="Groucho">Groucho</span> <span word="Marx">Marx</span>喜欢听精彩的 <span word="No">No</span> <span word="Joke">Joke</span>: <span word="Making">Making</span> <span word="Jewish">Jewish</span> <span word="Humour">Humour</span>.<span word="By">By</span> <span word="Ruth">Ruth</span> <span word="Wisse">Wisse</span>. 不许说笑：犹太式的玩笑 <span word="THIS">THIS</span> <span word="sharp">sharp</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="thoughtful">thoughtful</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="presents">presents</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="reviewer">reviewer</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="unusual">unusual</span> <span word="challenge">challenge</span>: <span word="whichjoke">whichjoke</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="quote">quote</span>? <span word="One">One</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="all">all</span>, <span word="both">both</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="space">space</span> <span word="forbids">forbids</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="someof">someof</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="replicate">replicate</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="mock">mock</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="render">render</span> <span word="harmless">harmless</span>, <span word="noxious">noxious</span> <span word="Jewish">Jewish</span> <span word="stereotypes">stereotypes</span>. 尖锐而又内涵的研究将一个不寻常的挑战放在读者面前：这句玩笑你引自何处?人们通常说不出所有之乎者也来，一方面是篇幅限制，另一方面是很多玩笑是照葫芦画瓢的，用以嘲讽和带恶意的或没有恶意的犹太人的固有看法。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="telling">telling</span> <span word="joke">joke</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Ruth">Ruth</span> <span word="Wisse">Wisse</span>, <span word="professor">professor</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Yiddish">Yiddish</span> <span word="literature">literature</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Harvard">Harvard</span>,<span word="attributes">attributes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Immanuel">Immanuel</span> <span word="Olsvanger">Olsvanger</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="folklorist">folklorist</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="born">born</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Poland">Poland</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1888 <span word="and">and</span> <span word="whocollected">whocollected</span> <span word="Yiddish">Yiddish</span> <span word="humour">humour</span>. <span word="Here">Here</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span>, <span word="paraphrased">paraphrased</span>. <span word="When">When</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="joke">joke</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="peasant">peasant</span>, <span word="helaughs">helaughs</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="times">times</span>: <span word="once">once</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="next">next</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="finally">finally</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="heunderstands">heunderstands</span> <span word="it">it</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="landowner">landowner</span> <span word="laughs">laughs</span> <span word="twice">twice</span>: <span word="once">once</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="again">again</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="explainit">explainit</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="policeman">policeman</span> <span word="laughs">laughs</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="because">because</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="let">let</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sonever">sonever</span> <span word="understands">understands</span>. <span word="When">When</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Jew">Jew</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="joke">joke</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="says">says</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="ve">ve</span> <span word="heard">heard</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="before">before</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="itbetter">itbetter</span>. 有个讲的最多的笑话是 哈佛希伯来语文学教授<span word="Ruth">Ruth</span> <span word="Wisse">Wisse</span>属于<span word="Immanuel">Immanuel</span> <span word="Olsvanger">Olsvanger</span> ，后者是个搜集希伯来语笑话的民俗学家，于1888年出生于波兰。这里只是转述一下。跟农民讲笑话他会大笑三次，第一次是你给他讲的时候，第二次是你向他解释的时候，最后一次是当他终于听懂的时候。地主会笑两次：你讲的时候还有听你解释的时候。而警察只会在听你讲时候笑一笑，他不会让你解释所以他也不会听懂。但当你跟一个犹太人讲笑话时，他会跟你说噢，这我以前就听过，我可以讲的更好。 <span word="His">His</span> <span word="joke">joke</span> <span word="hinges">hinges</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Jews">Jews</span> <span word="fondness">fondness</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="humour">humour</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Jewish">Jewish</span> <span word="verbal">verbal</span> <span word="dexterity">dexterity</span>,<span word="competitiveness">competitiveness</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="anxiety">anxiety</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="status">status</span>. <span word="But">But</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="Wisse">Wisse</span> <span word="explains">explains</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Jewishreputation">Jewishreputation</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="humour">humour</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="neither">neither</span> <span word="universal">universal</span> <span word="nor">nor</span> <span word="ancient">ancient</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="connection">connection</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="theEnlightenment">theEnlightenment</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="late">late</span> 19<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="London">London</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="chief">chief</span> <span word="rabbi">rabbi</span> <span word="felt">felt</span> <span word="obliged">obliged</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="defendJews">defendJews</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="charges">charges</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="humourlessness">humourlessness</span>. <span word="Jews">Jews</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Arab">Arab</span> <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="thelaughing">thelaughing</span> <span word="gene">gene</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Yiddish">Yiddish</span>-<span word="speaking">speaking</span> <span word="worldand">worldand</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Israel">Israel</span>, <span word="where">where</span> <span word="many">many</span>, <span word="ifnot">ifnot</span> <span word="most">most</span>, <span word="Jews">Jews</span> <span word="descend">descend</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Yiddish">Yiddish</span> <span word="speakersthe">speakersthe</span> <span word="connection">connection</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="humour">humour</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Jews">Jews</span> <span word="isso">isso</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="axiomatic">axiomatic</span>. <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="Wisse">Wisse</span> <span word="sees">sees</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="French">French</span> <span word="cuisine">cuisine</span> <span word="orTurkish">orTurkish</span> <span word="baths">baths</span>. 他的玩笑不拘泥于犹太式的幽默，更有犹太人的巧舌如簧，和在社会地位上犹太人的竞争力与焦虑感。但<span word="Wisse">Wisse</span>教授解释说，犹太人的幽默感，名声在外，说既不是被普遍接受的也不是有史可溯的。这种形象起源于启蒙时期，但19世纪末的伦敦的犹太教大法师都感到有必要反驳犹太人无幽默感的说法阿拉伯世界的犹太人也不像有笑神经的人，但在希伯来语世界以及美国和以色列，很多犹太人，如果不是绝大多数，犹太人与幽默的联结在希伯来语世界中强大得如同与生俱来,不言自明的一样。<span word="Wisse">Wisse</span>教授把这种怪圈比作法国烹饪或者土耳其浴一样。 <span word="To">To</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="credit">credit</span>, <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="Wisse">Wisse</span> <span word="offers">offers</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Jewish">Jewish</span> <span word="humour">humour</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="book">book</span>, <span word="preferringdescription">preferringdescription</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="textual">textual</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="excels">excels</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="psycho">psycho</span>-<span word="historical">historical</span> <span word="puffery">puffery</span>. <span word="Yetcertain">Yetcertain</span> <span word="traits">traits</span> <span word="persist">persist</span> <span word="across">across</span> <span word="temporal">temporal</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="geographic">geographic</span> <span word="boundaries">boundaries</span>. <span word="Jewish">Jewish</span> <span word="humour">humour</span> <span word="tends">tends</span>,<span word="paradoxically">paradoxically</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="provoke">provoke</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="relief">relief</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="discomfort">discomfort</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Heinrich">Heinrich</span> <span word="Heine">Heine</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="sharpsend">sharpsend</span>-<span word="ups">ups</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Jewish">Jewish</span> <span word="converts">converts</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="early">early</span> 19<span word="th">th</span>-<span word="century">century</span> <span word="Germany">Germany</span>. <span word="Much">Much</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="tends">tends</span> <span word="towards">towards</span> <span word="theabsurd">theabsurd</span>: <span word="consider">consider</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="inspiring">inspiring</span> <span word="lunacy">lunacy</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Lenny">Lenny</span> <span word="Bruce">Bruce</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dark">dark</span> <span word="surrealism">surrealism</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Franz">Franz</span> <span word="Kafkaor">Kafkaor</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="comparatively">comparatively</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="version">version</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="imbues">imbues</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="short">short</span> <span word="fiction">fiction</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Etgar">Etgar</span> <span word="Keret">Keret</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="Israeliwriter">Israeliwriter</span>. 出于她信誉的原因，<span word="Wisse">Wisse</span>并没有在书中做出犹太式笑话的概括性的论述，而是在她擅长的历史心理学吹赞方面做了些描述以及逐字逐句的分析。但在一定时间、地理范围内是有确切依据的。犹太式幽默常常是似是而非的，带来轻松或者抒发不悦，就像19世纪初德国的<span word="Heinrich">Heinrich</span> <span word="Heine">Heine</span>对犹太人尖酸嘲讽改变了一样。很多犹太人都偏荒诞：比如鼓舞人心的疯子<span word="Lenny">Lenny</span> <span word="Bruce">Bruce</span>，暗黑超现实主义的<span word="Franz">Franz</span> <span word="Kafka">Kafka</span>又或者相比之下程度较轻的以色列短片科幻小说作家<span word="Etgar">Etgar</span> <span word="Keret">Keret</span>。 <span word="Jewish">Jewish</span> <span word="humour">humour</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="rests">rests</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="closeness">closeness</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="separateness">separateness</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="societies">societies</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="Jewslivedparticularly">Jewslivedparticularly</span> <span word="Yiddish">Yiddish</span>-<span word="speaking">speaking</span> <span word="Jews">Jews</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Europeand">Europeand</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="paradoxes">paradoxes</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="culture">culture</span> <span word="forged">forged</span> <span word="inthe">inthe</span> <span word="ancient">ancient</span> <span word="East">East</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="West">West</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="theology">theology</span> <span word="founded">founded</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="divineelection">divineelection</span> <span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="adherents">adherents</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="targeted">targeted</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="genocidesuch">genocidesuch</span> <span word="incongruities">incongruities</span> <span word="tickle">tickle</span> <span word="themodern">themodern</span> <span word="Jewish">Jewish</span> <span word="imagination">imagination</span>, <span word="explains">explains</span> <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="Wisse">Wisse</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="havedefiant">havedefiant</span>, <span word="life">life</span>-<span word="affirming">affirming</span> <span word="laughter">laughter</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="tears">tears</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="lamentation">lamentation</span>. 犹太式幽默同样依存于一个与他们生活的社会分离的，私密的环境以及种种悖论。<span word="Wisse">Wisse</span>教授解释说，一个由古老东方孕育在现代西方发展的，他们的神学体系建立在曾经历过大屠杀的后代的牧师选举制之上的文明-诸如此类的不协调启发着当代犹太人的想象力。也就是反抗着总是好的，生命赋予我们比泪水和哀鸣更多的欢笑。 词语解释 1.<span word="in">in</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="to">to</span> 为了 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="buy">buy</span> <span word="patents">patents</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sue">sue</span> <span word="infringers">infringers</span>. 他们购买专利的目的就是为了起诉专利侵权者。 <span word="Why">Why</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="iphone">iphone</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="toassist">toassist</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="finding">finding</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="location">location</span> <span word="today">today</span>? 为什么<span word="iPhone">iPhone</span>需要如此多的数据以帮助定位我的当前位置? 2.<span word="attribute">attribute</span> <span word="to">to</span> 归结于 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="band">band</span> <span word="explored">explored</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="variety">variety</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sonic">sonic</span> <span word="directions">directions</span>, <span word="something">something</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="attribute">attribute</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="eno">eno</span> <span word="sencouragement">sencouragement</span>. 乐队探索了众多音乐方向，他们将这归功于制作人<span word="eno">eno</span>的鼓励。 <span word="Debasement">Debasement</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="coinage">coinage</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="unable">unable</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="force">force</span> <span word="commercial">commercial</span> <span word="practice">practice</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="attribute">attribute</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="newand">newand</span> <span word="lighter">lighter</span> <span word="coins">coins</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="purchasing">purchasing</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="heavier">heavier</span> <span word="coins">coins</span>. 降低货币的成色不无法迫使商业活动，像接受较重的旧币一样，接受较轻新币，认为它们有同样的购买力。 3.<span word="oblige">oblige</span> <span word="to">to</span> 对感谢 <span word="Not">Not</span> <span word="oblige">oblige</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="wishes">wishes</span>. 不能强迫他们的愿望。 <span word="Please">Please</span> <span word="don">don</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="oblige">oblige</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reinstall">reinstall</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="again">again</span>. 请不要迫使我重新安装所有的一次。 4.<span word="in">in</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span> 换句话说;就是说 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="amazon">amazon</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="huge">huge</span>. 换句话说，亚马逊非常庞大。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="says">says</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="offering">offering</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="consumers">consumers</span> <span word="want">want</span>. 他的意思，换言之就是这些日本企业没有提供消费者想要的产品。</p>
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