淘金热
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="How">How</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="works">works</span> 钱是如何运作的 <span word="Gold">Gold</span> <span word="rush">rush</span> 淘金热 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="guide">guide</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="stuff">stuff</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="pockets">pockets</span> 一本关于我们囊中物的优秀指南 <span word="Money">Money</span>: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Unauthorised">Unauthorised</span> <span word="Biography">Biography</span>. <span word="By">By</span> <span word="FelixMartin">FelixMartin</span>. 《金钱：非授权自传》。作者：<span word="Felix">Felix</span> <span word="Martin">Martin</span>。 <span word="ONE">ONE</span> <span word="story">story</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="surprisingly">surprisingly</span> <span word="entertaining">entertaining</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Irishbanking">Irishbanking</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="bank">bank</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="ground">ground</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="complete">complete</span> <span word="stop">stop</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="branches">branches</span> <span word="closed">closed</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="clearing">clearing</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="suspended">suspended</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="customers">customers</span> <span word="unable">unable</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="withdraw">withdraw</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="deposit">deposit</span> <span word="money">money</span>. <span word="Ascash">Ascash</span> <span word="ran">ran</span> <span word="out">out</span>, <span word="people">people</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="paying">paying</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="regular">regular</span> <span word="bills">bills</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="stumping">stumping</span> <span word="upfor">upfor</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pint">pint</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="stout">stout</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pub">pub</span>. <span word="What">What</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="happened">happened</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="businesses">businesses</span> <span word="started">started</span> <span word="acceptingIOUs">acceptingIOUs</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="cheques">cheques</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="everything">everything</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="though">though</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="telling">telling</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cash">cash</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="beforthcoming">beforthcoming</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="helped">helped</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Irish">Irish</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="lived">lived</span> <span word="locally">locally</span>: <span word="builders">builders</span>, <span word="greengrocers">greengrocers</span>,<span word="mechanics">mechanics</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="barmen">barmen</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="turned">turned</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="dab">dab</span> <span word="hands">hands</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="personal">personal</span> <span word="credit">credit</span> <span word="profiling">profiling</span>. 这本关于金钱性质的书出乎意料地有趣，其中一个故事与爱尔兰银行危机有关。爱尔兰的银行系统完全瘫痪，各分行全部关闭，清算系统被暂停，顾客无法存取款。在现金用完后，人们不得不想办法支付日常账单，就连在酒吧为一品脱烈性黑啤埋单也是如此。结果商家开始接受欠条或支票，虽然没人知道现金何时会来。还好爱尔兰人的生活起居很大程度上都可以在当地解决：建筑工、零售店主、机械师和酒保摇身变成了个人信用建档的行家 。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="short">short</span>, <span word="Ireland">Ireland</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="money">money</span>. <span word="Its">Its</span> <span word="currency">currency</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="backed">backed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="centralbank">centralbank</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="solely">solely</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="informal">informal</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="surprisingly">surprisingly</span> <span word="accurate">accurate</span> <span word="credit">credit</span> <span word="scoring">scoring</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="currencywas">currencywas</span> <span word="transferable">transferable</span>: <span word="if">if</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bond">bond</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="good">good</span>, <span word="then">then</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bond">bond</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="good">good</span>. 总之，爱尔兰发展出一种新的钱种类。其货币不被任何央行支持，仅仅基于非正式却出奇准确的信用记录。并且这种货币是可流通的，如果某些人说债券有效，那么债券就有效。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="particular">particular</span> <span word="Irish">Irish</span> <span word="banking">banking</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="vaguely">vaguely</span> <span word="familiar">familiar</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="vaguely">vaguely</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="tookplace">tookplace</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> 40 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Irish">Irish</span> <span word="financial">financial</span> <span word="sector">sector</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="seven">seven</span>-<span word="month">month</span> <span word="halt">halt</span> <span word="asa">asa</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="labour">labour</span> <span word="dispute">dispute</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="point">point</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="story">story</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="supports">supports</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="theauthor">theauthor</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="contentionsfirst">contentionsfirst</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="currency">currency</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="sovereign">sovereign</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="forcurrency">forcurrency</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="particularly">particularly</span> <span word="important">important</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="financial">financial</span> <span word="crises">crises</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="endemic">endemic</span>. <span word="Nosooner">Nosooner</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bed">bed</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="waking">waking</span> <span word="up">up</span>. 这个奇特的爱尔兰银行危机听起来可能隐约有些熟悉，但也只是隐约而已。那次危机发生在40多年前，当时爱尔兰金融业因全国劳动争议瘫痪了七个月。讲这个故事是因为它支持了作者的两点主张第一，钱不是货币，并且主权对货币的支持并非特别重要;第二，金融危机是普遍的，刚刚解决一个危机，另一个危机又出现了。 <span word="For">For</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="people">people</span>, <span word="money">money</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="merely">merely</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="underwritten">underwritten</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="designed">designed</span> <span word="toenhance">toenhance</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="basic">basic</span> <span word="barter">barter</span> <span word="economy">economy</span>. <span word="Felix">Felix</span> <span word="Martin">Martin</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="economist">economist</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fund">fund</span> <span word="manager">manager</span>, <span word="goesfurther">goesfurther</span>. <span word="Early">Early</span> <span word="societies">societies</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Babylonians">Babylonians</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ancient">ancient</span> <span word="Egyptians">Egyptians</span>, <span word="were">were</span> <span word="static">static</span>, <span word="witha">witha</span> <span word="fixed">fixed</span> <span word="hierarchy">hierarchy</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="obligations">obligations</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="currency">currency</span>. <span word="Money">Money</span> <span word="wasthe">wasthe</span> <span word="instrument">instrument</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="later">later</span> <span word="societies">societies</span> <span word="unshackled">unshackled</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="preordainedsocial">preordainedsocial</span> <span word="orders">orders</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="individualistic">individualistic</span>. 对于一些人来说，金钱仅仅是国家担保的东西，用于增强基本的物物交换。经济学家、基金经理<span word="FelixMartin">FelixMartin</span>对金钱的理解更进了一步。早期社会，例如巴比伦和古埃及，是静止的，每个阶层承担的社会责任固定不变。这些社会不需要金钱或货币。金钱将之后的社会从上天安排的社会制度中解放出来，变为个人主义。 <span word="With">With</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="speculation">speculation</span>, <span word="bringing">bringing</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="endemic">endemic</span> <span word="financial">financial</span> <span word="crises">crises</span>. <span word="To">To</span> <span word="ensuregreater">ensuregreater</span> <span word="stability">stability</span>, <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Martin">Martin</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="introduction">introduction</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="ultra">ultra</span>-<span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="version">version</span> <span word="oflimited">oflimited</span>-<span word="purpose">purpose</span> <span word="banking">banking</span>. <span word="Money">Money</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="shorn">shorn</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="specious">specious</span> <span word="promise">promise</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="says">says</span>; <span word="let">let</span> <span word="thestate">thestate</span> <span word="underwrite">underwrite</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="tiny">tiny</span> <span word="core">core</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="deposit">deposit</span>-<span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="banks">banks</span>. <span word="Everything">Everything</span> <span word="elsefrom">elsefrom</span> <span word="interest">interest</span>-<span word="ratederivatives">ratederivatives</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="collateralised">collateralised</span> <span word="debt">debt</span> <span word="obligations">obligations</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="carry">carry</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="unregulated">unregulated</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="uninsured">uninsured</span>. <span word="Ifyou">Ifyou</span> <span word="lose">lose</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="dough">dough</span>, <span word="tough">tough</span>. <span word="You">You</span> <span word="knew">knew</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="risks">risks</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="solution">solution</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="attract">attract</span> <span word="anyoneseeking">anyoneseeking</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="clean">clean</span>, <span word="clear">clear</span>, <span word="fair">fair</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="managing">managing</span> <span word="financial">financial</span> <span word="markets">markets</span>. <span word="Until">Until</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="lose">lose</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="money">money</span>, <span word="ofcourse">ofcourse</span>. 有金钱就有投机，有投机就有普遍的金融危机。为确保稳定性，<span word="Martin">Martin</span>希望引入超简版的限制用途银行。他说，必须去除金钱似是而非的承诺让国家为储蓄银行极少的核心业务担保。其他业务从利率衍生工具到债务抵押债券应继续不受监管，不受保护。如果你输了钱，糟糕。不过你本来就知道风险的。这个解决方法会吸引寻求以干净、清楚、公正的方式管理金融市场的人。当然在他们自己输钱以前。 词语解释 1.<span word="banking">banking</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span> 银行业危机，银行风潮 <span word="Spain">Spain</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="tack">tack</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="banking">banking</span> <span word="crisisspins">crisisspins</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="control">control</span>. 西班牙需要在银行危机失控前改变方向。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="unwelcome">unwelcome</span> <span word="price">price</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sorting">sorting</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="abanking">abanking</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span>. 这是整顿金融危机所付出的令人生厌的代价。 2.<span word="stump">stump</span> <span word="up">up</span> 付清，掏腰包 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="stump">stump</span> <span word="up">up</span>? 但是国家需要为此掏多少腰包呢? <span word="Or">Or</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="felt">felt</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="current">current</span> <span word="regulatory">regulatory</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="environment">environment</span> <span word="theyhad">theyhad</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="choice">choice</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="stump">stump</span> <span word="up">up</span>. 又或者是因为在当前的管理机构和政治环境之下他们觉得他们别无选择只能拿出这笔钱。 3.<span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="to">to</span> 结果是 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="joint">joint</span> <span word="strike">strike</span> <span word="fighter">fighter</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="downfall">downfall</span>. 但是，这也可能会变成这架联合攻击战斗机的陷阱。 <span word="None">None</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="assertions">assertions</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="accurate">accurate</span>. 这些断言没有哪一个证明是准确的。 4.<span word="base">base</span> <span word="on">on</span> 使建立在基础上 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="worryingly">worryingly</span> <span word="flimsy">flimsy</span> <span word="base">base</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="build">build</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bigger">bigger</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="monetaryunion">monetaryunion</span>. 但是在经不起风吹雨打的基础上就想建立一个较为庞大的经济和货币联盟实在是令人忧心如焚。 <span word="Make">Make</span> <span word="monthly">monthly</span> <span word="schedule">schedule</span> <span word="base">base</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="sales">sales</span> <span word="monthly">monthly</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="plant">plant</span> <span word="production">production</span> <span word="capacity">capacity</span>. 根据销售月度订单及工厂生产能力，制定月度生产计划。</p>
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