巴西水资源无水可喝
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Water">Water</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Brazil">Brazil</span> 巴西水资源 <span word="Nor">Nor</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="drop">drop</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="drink">drink</span> 无水可喝 <span word="Dry">Dry</span> <span word="weather">weather</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="growing">growing</span> <span word="population">population</span> <span word="spellrationing">spellrationing</span> 干旱的气候和快速增长的人口迫使水资源限量分配 <span word="BRAZIL">BRAZIL</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="biggest">biggest</span> <span word="reserves">reserves</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="freshwater">freshwater</span>. <span word="That">That</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="sits">sits</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sparsely">sparsely</span> <span word="populated">populated</span> <span word="Amazon">Amazon</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="historically">historically</span> <span word="stoppedBrazilians">stoppedBrazilians</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="drier">drier</span>, <span word="more">more</span> <span word="populous">populous</span> <span word="south">south</span> <span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="granted">granted</span>. <span word="No">No</span> <span word="longer">longer</span>. <span word="Landlords">Landlords</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="S">S</span>?<span word="oPaulo">oPaulo</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="wont">wont</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hose">hose</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="pavements">pavements</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="gallons">gallons</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="potable">potable</span> <span word="water">water</span>, <span word="have">have</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="tousing">tousing</span> <span word="brooms">brooms</span> <span word="instead">instead</span>. <span word="Notices">Notices</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="lifts">lifts</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="metro">metro</span> <span word="implore">implore</span> <span word="paulistanos">paulistanos</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="shortershowers">shortershowers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="re">re</span>-<span word="use">use</span> <span word="coffee">coffee</span> <span word="mugs">mugs</span>. 巴西拥有世界最大淡水储备量。但这些淡水大多分布在人烟稀少的亚马逊并不能缓解巴西由来已久的干旱问题，以至于大部分南方民众都对干旱习以为常。以前圣保罗的农场主习惯将水管伸到地下抽取成加仑的可用水资源，而现在他们开始使用滴灌技术。该技术电梯和城铁中的告示恳请圣保罗居民缩短冲凉时间，重复使用咖啡杯。 <span word="S">S</span>?<span word="o">o</span> <span word="Paulo">Paulo</span> <span word="state">state</span>, <span word="home">home</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="one">one</span>-<span word="fifth">fifth</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Brazil">Brazil</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="population">population</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="one">one</span>-<span word="third">third</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="economicactivity">economicactivity</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="suffering">suffering</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="worst">worst</span> <span word="drought">drought</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="records">records</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1930. <span word="Pitiful">Pitiful</span> <span word="rainfall">rainfall</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="highrates">highrates</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="evaporation">evaporation</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="scorching">scorching</span> <span word="heat">heat</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="caused">caused</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="volume">volume</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="stored">stored</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="theCantareira">theCantareira</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reservoirs">reservoirs</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="supplies">supplies</span> 10<span word="m">m</span> <span word="people">people</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="dip">dip</span> <span word="below">below</span> 12% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="capacity">capacity</span>.<span word="This">This</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="year">year</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="nominally">nominally</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wet">wet</span> <span word="season">season</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="stood">stood</span> <span word="at">at</span> 64%. 圣保罗，这一拥有1/5民众以及1/3经济活动的州，正在经历着自1930年以来最严重的干旱。低降水量以及高温带来的高蒸发使得的<span word="Cantareira">Cantareira</span>蓄水系统的水位降至12%以下，去年的这个时候，也就是所谓的雨季尾季，其水位达到64%。据悉，改蓄水系统为大约1千万民众供水。 <span word="On">On</span> <span word="April">April</span> 21<span word="st">st</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="governor">governor</span>, <span word="Geraldo">Geraldo</span> <span word="Alckmin">Alckmin</span>, <span word="warned">warned</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="May">May</span> <span word="consumers">consumers</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="finedfor">finedfor</span> <span word="increasing">increasing</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="use">use</span>. <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="consumption">consumption</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="rewarded">rewarded</span> <span word="withdiscounts">withdiscounts</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="bills">bills</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="tap">tap</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="basins">basins</span> <span word="supplying">supplying</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="parts">parts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="state">state</span>, <span word="butsince">butsince</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="reservoirs">reservoirs</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="hit">hit</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="drought">drought</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="supply">supply</span> <span word="hydropower">hydropower</span> <span word="plants">plants</span>, <span word="fears">fears</span> <span word="ofblackouts">ofblackouts</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="rising">rising</span>. 4月21日，州长奥克明警告道自五月开始超额用水将面临罚款，而那些减少用水的可在水费上获得一定折扣。城市会开放3个流域用于支持该州的其他地方，但是由于蓄水池受到干旱的影响，还要满足水力发电产厂的需求，民众对断电的恐慌情绪开始上涨。 <span word="Without">Without</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="downpour">downpour</span>, <span word="Sabesp">Sabesp</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="utility">utility</span>, <span word="expects">expects</span> <span word="Cantareira">Cantareira</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="levels">levels</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sinkbeneath">sinkbeneath</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pipes">pipes</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="link">link</span> <span word="reservoirs">reservoirs</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="consumers">consumers</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="week">week</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="S">S</span>?<span word="o">o</span> <span word="Paulo">Paulo</span> <span word="hosts">hosts</span> <span word="theopening">theopening</span> <span word="game">game</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="football">football</span> <span word="World">World</span> <span word="Cup">Cup</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="June">June</span> 12<span word="th">th</span>. <span word="To">To</span> <span word="tide">tide</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="until">until</span> <span word="rainsresume">rainsresume</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="November">November</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="installing">installing</span> <span word="kit">kit</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="pump">pump</span> <span word="half">half</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> 400 <span word="billion">billion</span> <span word="litres">litres</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reservesbeneath">reservesbeneath</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pipes">pipes</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="of">of</span> 80<span word="m">m</span> <span word="reais">reais</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="company">company</span> <span word="says">says</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="dead">dead</span> <span word="volume">volume</span>, <span word="neverbefore">neverbefore</span> <span word="used">used</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="perfectly">perfectly</span> <span word="treatable">treatable</span>. <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="experts">experts</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="expressed">expressed</span> <span word="concerns">concerns</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="itsquality">itsquality</span>. 由于降水量不足，自来水公司<span word="Sabesp">Sabesp</span>希望<span word="Cantareira">Cantareira</span>的水位可以在6月12号世界杯揭幕战的一周之后再下降至管道之下，这些管道与蓄水池相连为民众提供自来水。巴西的雨季通常在11月，在那之前，为了度过干旱他们将花费8000万雷阿尔安装设备用以抽取管道下约2000亿升左右的储备水。该公司称这是最后的储备，之前没有动用过，但该项措施足以缓解干旱。一些专家表示将密切关注该举措的作用。 <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Alckmin">Alckmin</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="ruled">ruled</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="tightening">tightening</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="spigots">spigots</span>. <span word="Flow">Flow</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="taps">taps</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="parts">parts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="S">S</span>?<span word="o">o</span> <span word="Paulo">Paulo</span> <span word="hasalready">hasalready</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="trickle">trickle</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="Sabesp">Sabesp</span> <span word="blames">blames</span> <span word="maintenance">maintenance</span> <span word="work">work</span>. <span word="Widespread">Widespread</span> <span word="cutscould">cutscould</span> <span word="hurt">hurt</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="governor">governor</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="re">re</span>-<span word="election">election</span> <span word="bid">bid</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="October">October</span>. <span word="Hours">Hours</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="announced">announced</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="latestmeasures">latestmeasures</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="thirsty">thirsty</span> <span word="mob">mob</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="fire">fire</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bus">bus</span>. 奥克明并没有取消对供水量的限制。圣保罗的某些地区，打开水龙头已经只有水滴了，<span word="Sabesp">Sabesp</span>这是日常维护。广泛地断水可能会给现任政府在10月的连任带来不利影响。在他宣布最新措施的一个小时内，一个暴徒纵火烧公交车以示不满。 <span word="Paulistanos">Paulistanos</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="Brazilians">Brazilians</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="lose">lose</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="leaks">leaks</span>: 35%, <span word="comparedwith">comparedwith</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="average">average</span> <span word="of">of</span> 39%. <span word="Sabesp">Sabesp</span>, <span word="listed">listed</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="New">New</span> <span word="York">York</span> <span word="Stock">Stock</span> <span word="Exchange">Exchange</span> <span word="butmajority">butmajority</span>-<span word="owned">owned</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="government">government</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="paragon">paragon</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="governance">governance</span>, <span word="says">says</span> <span word="JohnBriscoe">JohnBriscoe</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="expert">expert</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Harvard">Harvard</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="former">former</span> <span word="head">head</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="World">World</span> <span word="Bank">Bank</span> <span word="mission">mission</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Brazil">Brazil</span>. 与大多数巴西民众相比，圣保罗人用水量更大但渗漏较少，渗漏率约为35%而国家的平均值则为39%。<span word="Sabesp">Sabesp</span>虽然已经在纽约证劵交易所上市，但仍由国家控股。水利专家也是前世界银行驻巴西负责人的<span word="John">John</span> <span word="Briscoe">Briscoe</span>表示，该公司公司经营良好。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="exposed">exposed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="drought">drought</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="supply">supply</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="kept">kept</span> <span word="pace">pace</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="risingurban">risingurban</span> <span word="population">population</span>. <span word="Facing">Facing</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="jumble">jumble</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="overlapping">overlapping</span> <span word="municipal">municipal</span>, <span word="state">state</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="federal">federal</span> <span word="regulations">regulations</span>,<span word="investment">investment</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="storage">storage</span>, <span word="distribution">distribution</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="treatment">treatment</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="lagged">lagged</span> <span word="behind">behind</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="S">S</span>?<span word="oPaulo">oPaulo</span>; <span word="the">the</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="regulator">regulator</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="warned">warned</span> <span word="that">that</span> 16 <span word="projects">projects</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ten">ten</span> <span word="biggest">biggest</span> <span word="cities">cities</span> <span word="mustbe">mustbe</span> <span word="completed">completed</span> <span word="by">by</span> 2015 <span word="to">to</span> <span word="prevent">prevent</span> <span word="chronic">chronic</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="shortages">shortages</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="decade">decade</span>. <span word="So">So</span> <span word="faronly">faronly</span> <span word="five">five</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="finished">finished</span>; <span word="work">work</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="begun">begun</span>. <span word="Short">Short</span>-<span word="term">term</span> <span word="measures">measures</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="thewater">thewater</span> <span word="trickling">trickling</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="now">now</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="temporary">temporary</span> <span word="solutions">solutions</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="eventually">eventually</span> <span word="run">run</span> <span word="dry">dry</span>. 干旱的爆发是因为水供应没跟上城市人口增加的速度。由于各级政府权力划分不清，州与联邦条例混乱的问题，政府在储存分配和处理的支出不足。这不仅仅是圣保罗的问题，国家水管理局警告道位于10个大型城市的16个项目必须在2015年前完成，这些项目旨在在未来的十年中解决长期性缺水问题。到现在为止，只完成了5个项目，一些项目甚至还没有开始。短期措施应使现在有水可用，但这些临时措施只保得了一时，保不了一世。 词语解释 1.<span word="link">link</span> <span word="to">to</span> 与连接， 联系 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="helpful">helpful</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="link">link</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="them">them</span>. 当我想要链接到他们的时候会很有用。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="tough">tough</span> <span word="link">link</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="break">break</span>. 这是种难以割裂的联系。 2.<span word="rule">rule</span> <span word="out">out</span> 宣布不可能，排除的可能性 <span word="We">We</span> <span word="don">don</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="rule">rule</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="possibility">possibility</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="negative">negative</span> <span word="trends">trends</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="periphery">periphery</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="stabilize">stabilize</span>. 我们不排除外围国家的发展趋势从不利走向稳定的可能性。 <span word="Dalrymple">Dalrymple</span> <span word="clarifies">clarifies</span> <span word="privately">privately</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="sources">sources</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="rule">rule</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="iphone">iphone</span> <span word="announcement">announcement</span> <span word="inanother">inanother</span> <span word="venue">venue</span> <span word="besides">besides</span> <span word="wwdc">wwdc</span>. 同时，道里姆波尔私下里亦进一步解释说，他在苹果的线人并未排除在全球开发人员大会外，苹果在其他场合发布<span word="iPhone">iPhone</span>的可能性。 3.<span word="set">set</span> <span word="fire">fire</span> <span word="to">to</span> 点着激起;燃点 <span word="Protesters">Protesters</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="fire">fire</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="building">building</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="burned">burned</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="likeness">likeness</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="effigy">effigy</span>. 抗议者点燃了政府大楼和卡扎菲的肖像。 <span word="Aboriginal">Aboriginal</span> <span word="protesters">protesters</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="fire">fire</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="australian">australian</span> <span word="flag">flag</span> <span word="outside">outside</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="parliament">parliament</span> <span word="incanberra">incanberra</span>. 澳大利亚土著居民抗议者在堪培拉国家议会外放火焚烧一面澳大利亚国旗。 4.<span word="compare">compare</span> <span word="with">with</span> 与相比;比得上 <span word="Life">Life</span> <span word="isn">isn</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="fair">fair</span>-<span word="don">don</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="compare">compare</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="jealous">jealous</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="others">others</span>. 生活并不是公平的不要比较也不要嫉妒别人。 <span word="Atheists">Atheists</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="precious">precious</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="compare">compare</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="this">this</span>. 相比之下，无神论者的资源就少得可怜。</p>
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