车间里的英雄
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="America">America</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="war">war</span> 美国和第二次世界战争 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="workshop">workshop</span> <span word="heroes">heroes</span> 车间里的英雄 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="tribute">tribute</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="unsung">unsung</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> 致敬无名工作者 <span word="MacArthur">MacArthur</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="engineering">engineering</span> <span word="victory">victory</span> 麦克阿瑟将军曾对工程师的胜利作过贡献 <span word="Engineers">Engineers</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Victory">Victory</span>: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Problem">Problem</span> <span word="Solvers">Solvers</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="Turned">Turned</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Tide">Tide</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Second">Second</span> <span word="World">World</span> <span word="War">War</span>.<span word="ByPaul">ByPaul</span> <span word="Kennedy">Kennedy</span>. 工程师的胜利：问题解决者曾扭转了二战的局势 <span word="NEARLY">NEARLY</span> 70 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="combatants">combatants</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="dead">dead</span>, <span word="aleading">aleading</span> <span word="historian">historian</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="praise">praise</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</span>. <span word="Not">Not</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="course">course</span>, <span word="its">its</span> <span word="evil">evil</span> <span word="racism">racism</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="militaryprowess">militaryprowess</span>. <span word="On">On</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="battlefields">battlefields</span>, <span word="writes">writes</span> <span word="Paul">Paul</span> <span word="Kennedy">Kennedy</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Yale">Yale</span> <span word="University">University</span>, <span word="Germany">Germany</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="soldiersearned">soldiersearned</span> <span word="universal">universal</span> <span word="respect">respect</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="capacity">capacity</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="react">react</span> <span word="swiftly">swiftly</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fiercely">fiercely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="assault">assault</span> <span word="onany">onany</span> <span word="front">front</span>. <span word="His">His</span> <span word="superlatives">superlatives</span> <span word="continue">continue</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="flow">flow</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</span> <span word="possessed">possessed</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fabulous">fabulous</span> <span word="capacityto">capacityto</span> <span word="recover">recover</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="strike">strike</span> <span word="back">back</span>; <span word="Germany">Germany</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="paratroopers">paratroopers</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="ultra">ultra</span>- <span word="competent">competent</span>; <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Reichfought">Reichfought</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="astounding">astounding</span> <span word="tenacity">tenacity</span>. 二战结束近70年后，大部分的参战者已与世长辞。也许主流的历史学家会赞扬纳粹德国，当然是它英勇的军队，而非那邪恶的种族主义。耶鲁大学教授保罗肯尼迪写到，德国士兵因战场上敏捷的反应能力及勇猛地向前方发起攻势而赢得普遍尊重。保罗肯尼迪的巅峰之作继续流传。纳粹德国拥有极好的反应和反击能力，空降兵相当出色，整个帝国持久作战的能力也十分惊人。 <span word="How">How</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="Germany">Germany</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="lose">lose</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="war">war</span>? <span word="The">The</span> <span word="British">British</span>-<span word="born">born</span> <span word="historian">historian</span> <span word="strives">strives</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="avoidreductionism">avoidreductionism</span>. <span word="Unlike">Unlike</span> <span word="others">others</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="says">says</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="claim">claim</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Allies">Allies</span> <span word="victory">victory</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="beexplained">beexplained</span> <span word="solely">solely</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="brute">brute</span> <span word="force">force</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wonder">wonder</span> <span word="weapon">weapon</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="magical">magical</span> <span word="decryptingsystem">decryptingsystem</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="multiple">multiple</span> <span word="factors">factors</span>. <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="exaggerated">exaggerated</span>. <span word="Bletchley">Bletchley</span> <span word="Park">Park</span> <span word="wascertainly">wascertainly</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="literature">literature</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="codebreakerssuggests">codebreakerssuggests</span>. <span word="Sir">Sir</span> <span word="Arthur">Arthur</span> <span word="Bomber">Bomber</span> <span word="Harris">Harris</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="determination">determination</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="target">target</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="enemy">enemy</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="oil">oil</span>,<span word="transport">transport</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="electricity">electricity</span> <span word="grids">grids</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="blast">blast</span> <span word="cities">cities</span> <span word="instead">instead</span> <span word="was">was</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="writes">writes</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="weird">weird</span> <span word="panacea">panacea</span>. 德国是如何输掉这次战争的呢?一位英国的历史学家极力避免还原真相。他说，他不像其他人那样断言盟军的胜利只因为强大的军事力量或一件神奇的武器或某些神秘的解密系统。盟军的胜利有多种原因。一些事实被夸大。布莱切利园 当然远不比关于破译者自述的那些大量流行著作重要。他写道，轰炸机阿瑟哈里斯的决心不是把目标放在敌人的石油、交通和电网上，而是要炸毁整座城市，怪异的灵丹妙药。 <span word="Against">Against</span> <span word="this">this</span>, <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Kennedy">Kennedy</span> <span word="argues">argues</span>, <span word="some">some</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Allies">Allies</span> <span word="success">success</span> <span word="deserve">deserve</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="greateremphasis">greateremphasis</span>. <span word="One">One</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="stupendous">stupendous</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="military">military</span>-<span word="industrial">industrial</span> <span word="complex">complex</span>,<span word="was">was</span> <span word="recognised">recognised</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Arthur">Arthur</span> <span word="Herman">Herman</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Freedom">Freedom</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Forge">Forge</span>, <span word="reviewed">reviewed</span> <span word="here">here</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="year">year</span>. <span word="MrKennedy">MrKennedy</span> <span word="celebrates">celebrates</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="crucial">crucial</span> <span word="component">component</span>: <span word="the">the</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="engineers">engineers</span>. <span word="What">What</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="invented">invented</span>,<span word="improvised">improvised</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="improved">improved</span> <span word="had">had</span>, <span word="by">by</span> 1943, <span word="begun">begun</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tide">tide</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="Germany">Germany</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Japan">Japan</span>. 肯尼迪反对道：盟军胜利有一些更值得强调的原因。其中，美国军工铁三角惊人的势力最终在亚瑟赫尔曼《铸就自由》一书中被证实，去年本杂志也评论过此事。肯尼迪赞美盟军胜利的另一个重要因素是：工程师的角色。到1943年，他们的发明、创造和改进开始扭转抗衡德国和日本的局势。 <span word="By">By</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="long">long</span>-<span word="range">range</span> <span word="B">B</span>-24 <span word="Liberator">Liberator</span> <span word="bombers">bombers</span> <span word="protected">protected</span> <span word="convoys">convoys</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="merchant">merchant</span> <span word="ships">ships</span> <span word="crossingthe">crossingthe</span> <span word="Atlantic">Atlantic</span>; <span word="Hedgehog">Hedgehog</span> <span word="grenades">grenades</span> <span word="destroyed">destroyed</span> <span word="Grand">Grand</span> <span word="Admiral">Admiral</span> <span word="Karl">Karl</span> <span word="D">D</span>?<span word="nitz">nitz</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="U">U</span>-<span word="boats">boats</span>; <span word="B">B</span>-17 <span word="FlyingFortress">FlyingFortress</span> <span word="bombers">bombers</span> <span word="flew">flew</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="airfields">airfields</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="England">England</span> <span word="deep">deep</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="Germany">Germany</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="drove">drove</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Japaneseback">Japaneseback</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Pacific">Pacific</span>; <span word="T">T</span>-34 <span word="tanks">tanks</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="blood">blood</span>-<span word="soaked">soaked</span> <span word="Soviet">Soviet</span> <span word="counter">counter</span>-<span word="attack">attack</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="EasternFront">EasternFront</span>; <span word="Mustang">Mustang</span> <span word="fighter">fighter</span> <span word="planes">planes</span> <span word="decimated">decimated</span> <span word="Germany">Germany</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="flying">flying</span> <span word="aces">aces</span>. 那时超远程的<span word="B">B</span>-24解放者轰炸机保护商船的护航队穿过大西洋;刺猬手榴弹摧毁德国大海军上将 <span word="KarlDnitz">KarlDnitz</span> <span word="s">s</span>的潜艇;<span word="B">B</span>-17空中堡垒轰炸机在英国机场起飞，深入德国内部，穿过日本返回太平洋;苏联的血腥武器<span word="T">T</span>-34坦克东线进行反击;野马战斗机摧毁了德国顶尖飞行员。 <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Kennedy">Kennedy</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="rescues">rescues</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="engineers">engineers</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span> <span word="Navy">Navy</span> <span word="Construction">Construction</span> <span word="Battalions">Battalions</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="relativeobscurity">relativeobscurity</span>. <span word="Popularly">Popularly</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Seabees">Seabees</span>, <span word="these">these</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="units">units</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="built">built</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bases">bases</span>, <span word="theinstallations">theinstallations</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="assembly">assembly</span> <span word="points">points</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="roads">roads</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="carried">carried</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Allied">Allied</span> <span word="fight">fight</span> <span word="forward">forward</span>. <span word="Theirachievements">Theirachievements</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="justify">justify</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Kennedy">Kennedy</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="assertion">assertion</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="engineers">engineers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="essential">essential</span> <span word="tomilitary">tomilitary</span> <span word="victory">victory</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="rightly">rightly</span> <span word="complains">complains</span>, <span word="historians">historians</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="grand">grand</span> <span word="campaigns">campaigns</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="oftentake">oftentake</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="granted">granted</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="assume">assume</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="troops">troops</span>, <span word="fleets">fleets</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="air">air</span> <span word="squadrons">squadrons</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="movedlong">movedlong</span> <span word="distances">distances</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="stroke">stroke</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pen">pen</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="map">map</span>. 肯尼迪还救助过默默无闻的美国海军建设营的工程师，也就是人们俗称的海军工程营人员。他们负责建设基地，设备，集散地点和盟军向前进攻的道路。这些人的成就远远足以证明肯尼迪的说法，工程师是军事胜利的重要部分。然而，正如他抱怨地那样，研究大事记的历史学家往往把他们的工作看成是理所当然的，他们认为军队、舰队和空军中队可以很容易地移动像在地图上随笔一挥那样长的距离。 <span word="Seabee">Seabee</span> <span word="statistics">statistics</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="amazing">amazing</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Pacific">Pacific</span> <span word="alone">alone</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="built">built</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="midst">midst</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="war">war</span>, 111<span word="major">major</span> <span word="airstrips">airstrips</span> <span word="and">and</span> 441 <span word="piers">piers</span>, <span word="tanks">tanks</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="storage">storage</span> <span word="of">of</span> 100<span word="m">m</span> <span word="gallons">gallons</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="fuel">fuel</span>, <span word="housing">housing</span> <span word="for">for</span> 1.5<span word="mmen">mmen</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="hospitals">hospitals</span> <span word="for">for</span> 70,000 <span word="patients">patients</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="famous">famous</span> <span word="photograph">photograph</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="General">General</span> <span word="Douglas">Douglas</span> <span word="MacArthurfulfilling">MacArthurfulfilling</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="shall">shall</span> <span word="return">return</span> <span word="promise">promise</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Philippines">Philippines</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="skilful">skilful</span> <span word="Seabeeshad">Seabeeshad</span> <span word="managed">managed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pontoon">pontoon</span> <span word="bridges">bridges</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="causeway">causeway</span> <span word="units">units</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="army">army</span> <span word="ashorealongwith">ashorealongwith</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="photographers">photographers</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="course">course</span>. 海军修建营人员所作成就的数据仍令人惊讶。战争年代他们在太平洋孤岛上修建了111个主要简易机场和441个码头，存放100加仑燃料的坦克，容纳150万人的住房和容纳70,000例病人的医院。麦克阿瑟将军对菲律宾承诺我还要回来，这张著名的照片可能只有在技术娴熟的海军修建营成员成功管理浮筒桥梁和铜锣单位之后才可能实现。当然是铜锣单位把军队和摄影师一起带上岸。 <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Kennedy">Kennedy</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="best">best</span>-<span word="known">known</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Rise">Rise</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Fall">Fall</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Great">Great</span> <span word="Powersand">Powersand</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="ofearlier">ofearlier</span> <span word="conflicts">conflicts</span> <span word="adds">adds</span> <span word="depth">depth</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="colour">colour</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="middle">middle</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="war">war</span>. <span word="Alexanderthe">Alexanderthe</span> <span word="Great">Great</span>, <span word="Julius">Julius</span> <span word="Caesar">Caesar</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Duke">Duke</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Marlborough">Marlborough</span>, <span word="Napoleon">Napoleon</span>, <span word="William">William</span> <span word="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</span> <span word="Shermanand">Shermanand</span> <span word="others">others</span> <span word="march">march</span> <span word="across">across</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pages">pages</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Kennedy">Kennedy</span> <span word="compares">compares</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="contrasts">contrasts</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="actions">actions</span> <span word="withthose">withthose</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="counterparts">counterparts</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1943-44. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="cite">cite</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="instances">instances</span> <span word="ofBritish">ofBritish</span>-<span word="American">American</span>-<span word="Soviet">Soviet</span> <span word="bickering">bickering</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sustain">sustain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Duke">Duke</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Wellington">Wellington</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="grumble">grumble</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="havingenemies">havingenemies</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="bad">bad</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="having">having</span> <span word="allies">allies</span>. 保罗肯尼迪的著作是《大国的兴衰》，他早年的斗争经历增加了中年战争历史的深度和色彩。此书对亚历山大大帝、凯撒大帝、马尔伯勒公爵、拿破仑、威廉特库姆塞谢尔曼和肯尼迪等人进行了整篇幅的描述，并将他们与同处1943-44年代的对手们进行了对比。威灵顿公爵曾怨言：有敌人一点也不像有盟友那样糟糕，保罗肯尼迪就此能举出英、美、苏联验证这句话的几个实例。 词语解释 1.<span word="continue">continue</span> <span word="to">to</span> 继续 <span word="We">We</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="continue">continue</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reduce">reduce</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="exposure">exposure</span>. 未来，我们还将继续减持。 <span word="So">So</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="kweichow">kweichow</span> <span word="moutai">moutai</span> <span word="continue">continue</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="struggle">struggle</span> <span word="duringthe">duringthe</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="snake">snake</span>? 因此，贵州茅台在蛇年里还会继续苦苦挣扎吗? 2.<span word="fight">fight</span> <span word="with">with</span> 与争斗 <span word="Did">Did</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="fight">fight</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="anyone">anyone</span>? 她和别人打架了么? <span word="Why">Why</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="fight">fight</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="him">him</span>? 那你为什么和他吵架呢? 3.<span word="strive">strive</span> <span word="to">to</span> 力图;力求 <span word="Wise">Wise</span> <span word="firms">firms</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="strive">strive</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="remove">remove</span> <span word="barriers">barriers</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="women">women</span>. 明智的公司会力求为女性移除障碍。 <span word="You">You</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="strive">strive</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="give">give</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="yourself">yourself</span>. 当你们力求奉献自己时，你们是善的。 4.<span word="promise">promise</span> <span word="to">to</span> 保证 <span word="Corbat">Corbat</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="won">won</span> <span word="fans">fans</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="investors">investors</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="what">what</span>-<span word="you">you</span>-<span word="see">see</span>-<span word="is">is</span>-<span word="what">what</span>-<span word="you">you</span>-<span word="get">get</span> <span word="personality">personality</span> <span word="andpromise">andpromise</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="costs">costs</span>. 凭借率直坦诚的个性和削减成本的承诺，考伯特已在投资者中赢得了一些拥趸。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="promise">promise</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="soon">soon</span>. 我保证不久就会回来的。</p>
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