能源补贴 废除
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Energy">Energy</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> 能源补贴 <span word="Scrap">Scrap</span> <span word="them">them</span> 废除 <span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="moves">moves</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="rid">rid</span> <span word="ofenergy">ofenergy</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span>. <span word="Here">Here</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="goingabout">goingabout</span> <span word="it">it</span> 世界上有各种废除能源补贴的措施，下文是最佳方案。 <span word="FOR">FOR</span> <span word="decades">decades</span>, <span word="governments">governments</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Egypt">Egypt</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Indonesia">Indonesia</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="subsidised">subsidised</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="price">price</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="basic">basic</span> <span word="fuels">fuels</span>.<span word="Such">Such</span> <span word="programmes">programmes</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="start">start</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="noble">noble</span> <span word="intentionsto">intentionsto</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="living">living</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="thepoor">thepoor</span> <span word="or">or</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="oil">oil</span>-<span word="producing">producing</span> <span word="countries">countries</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="visible">visible</span> <span word="example">example</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="benefits">benefits</span> <span word="ofcarbon">ofcarbon</span> <span word="wealthbut">wealthbut</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="disastrous">disastrous</span> <span word="consequences">consequences</span>, <span word="wrecking">wrecking</span> <span word="budgets">budgets</span>, <span word="distortingeconomies">distortingeconomies</span>, <span word="harming">harming</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="environment">environment</span> <span word="and">and</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="balance">balance</span>, <span word="hurting">hurting</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="helping">helping</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="poor">poor</span>. 几十年来，从埃及到印尼，政府都对基本燃料给予价格补贴。这些补贴常常打着高尚的旗号：降低穷人的生活成本,在石油生产国家树立碳财富收益的榜样。这往往会产生破坏性的后果，打乱预算，扭曲经济，破坏环境。总体来说，它们对穷人的伤害比帮助大。 <span word="Emerging">Emerging</span> <span word="markets">markets</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="places">places</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="distort">distort</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="markets">markets</span>. <span word="America">America</span>, <span word="forinstance">forinstance</span>, <span word="suppresses">suppresses</span> <span word="prices">prices</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="restricting">restricting</span> <span word="exports">exports</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="significant">significant</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="poorercountries">poorercountries</span>. <span word="Of">Of</span> <span word="the">the</span> $500 <span word="billion">billion</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="IMF">IMF</span> <span word="reckons">reckons</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="costthe">costthe</span> <span word="equivalent">equivalent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="timesall">timesall</span> <span word="official">official</span> <span word="foreign">foreign</span> <span word="aidhalf">aidhalf</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="spent">spent</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="governments">governments</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Middle">Middle</span> <span word="East">East</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="north">north</span> <span word="Africa">Africa</span>,<span word="where">where</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="average">average</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="worth">worth</span> <span word="about">about</span> 20% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="revenues">revenues</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="proceeds">proceeds</span> <span word="flowoverwhelmingly">flowoverwhelmingly</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="car">car</span>-<span word="driving">driving</span> <span word="urban">urban</span> <span word="elite">elite</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="typical">typical</span> <span word="emerging">emerging</span> <span word="economy">economy</span> <span word="therichest">therichest</span> <span word="fifth">fifth</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="households">households</span> <span word="hoover">hoover</span> <span word="up">up</span> 40% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="benefits">benefits</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="fuel">fuel</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span>; <span word="the">the</span> <span word="poorest">poorest</span> <span word="fifth">fifth</span> <span word="getonly">getonly</span> 7%. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="poorest">poorest</span> <span word="suffer">suffer</span> <span word="disproportionately">disproportionately</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="distortions">distortions</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="suchintervention">suchintervention</span> <span word="creates">creates</span>. <span word="Egypt">Egypt</span> <span word="spends">spends</span> <span word="seven">seven</span> <span word="times">times</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="fuel">fuel</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="health">health</span>.<span word="Cheap">Cheap</span> <span word="fuel">fuel</span> <span word="encourages">encourages</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="development">development</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="heavy">heavy</span> <span word="industry">industry</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="job">job</span>-<span word="rich">rich</span> <span word="lightmanufacturing">lightmanufacturing</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="offers">offers</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="route">route</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="poverty">poverty</span>. 不只有新兴市场的能源市场受到扭曲。在美国，政府限制能源出口来抑制价格上涨。但补贴对较贫穷的国家影响更大。在国际货币基金组织声称的对这些国家年5000亿美元的支出中，有一半都是被中东和北美的国家政府消费掉的。这一支出相当于所有官方外援的四倍。在这些政府，补贴占收入的20%。补贴大量流入城区内的有车精英一族。在典型的新兴经济体内，40%的燃料补贴流向了最富有的家庭而最贫穷的家庭只拿到7%。最贫穷的家庭承受着政府补贴带来的不公。埃及花在能源补贴上的资金是花在医疗保健上的7倍有余。廉价燃料可以促进重工业的发展，而非轻工业。后者能为更多人创造就业机会，提供脱贫机会。 <span word="For">For</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="benefits">benefits</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="scrapping">scrapping</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="immense">immense</span>. <span word="Emerging">Emerging</span> <span word="economiescould">economiescould</span> <span word="easily">easily</span> <span word="compensate">compensate</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="poor">poor</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="handout">handout</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="bigger">bigger</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="benefitsthey">benefitsthey</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="cheap">cheap</span> <span word="fuel">fuel</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="save">save</span> <span word="money">money</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="process">process</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="planet">planet</span>.<span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="International">International</span> <span word="Energy">Energy</span> <span word="Agency">Agency</span>, <span word="eliminating">eliminating</span> <span word="fossil">fossil</span>-<span word="fuel">fuel</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="reduceglobal">reduceglobal</span> <span word="carbon">carbon</span> <span word="emissions">emissions</span> <span word="by">by</span> 6% <span word="by">by</span> 2020. 基于上述理由，废除补贴带来的好处是巨大的。新兴经济体很容易就能补偿每个穷人，其收益远大于廉价燃料，同时还能有余钱储蓄。在此过程中，它们还保护了地球。根据国际能源署，通过减少化石燃料补贴，到2020年，碳排放能降低6%。 <span word="How">How</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="save">save</span> $500 <span word="billion">billion</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="planet">planet</span> 怎么省下5000亿美元又能拯救地球? <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="emerging">emerging</span>-<span word="market">market</span> <span word="governments">governments</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="persuaded">persuaded</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="arguments">arguments</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="gettingserious">gettingserious</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="reform">reform</span> . <span word="Indonesia">Indonesia</span> <span word="raised">raised</span> <span word="petrol">petrol</span> <span word="prices">prices</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> 40% <span word="lastyear">lastyear</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="front">front</span>-<span word="runner">runner</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="upcoming">upcoming</span> <span word="presidential">presidential</span> <span word="election">election</span> <span word="says">says</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="consider">consider</span> <span word="amore">amore</span> <span word="comprehensive">comprehensive</span> <span word="fuel">fuel</span>-<span word="subsidy">subsidy</span> <span word="revamp">revamp</span>. <span word="Iran">Iran</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="begun">begun</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="phase">phase</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bigsubsidy">bigsubsidy</span> <span word="overhaul">overhaul</span>, <span word="raising">raising</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="price">price</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="petrol">petrol</span>, <span word="gas">gas</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="electricity">electricity</span>. <span word="Egypt">Egypt</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="president">president</span> <span word="isbeing">isbeing</span> <span word="pushed">pushed</span> <span word="towards">towards</span> <span word="tackling">tackling</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="gaping">gaping</span> <span word="budget">budget</span> <span word="deficit">deficit</span>. <span word="Morocco">Morocco</span> <span word="andJordan">andJordan</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span> <span word="couple">couple</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="years">years</span>. <span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="Kuwait">Kuwait</span> <span word="announced">announced</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="week">week</span> <span word="thatit">thatit</span> <span word="plans">plans</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="scrap">scrap</span> <span word="diesel">diesel</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span>. 一些新兴市场的政府被这些辩论说服，于是开始严肃对待改革。印尼汽油去年提价超过了40%，在接下来的总统大选中，选票领跑者表示他将考虑一个更加复杂的燃油补贴改进。伊朗刚刚开始了第二轮的补贴改进并提高了石油、汽油和电力价格。埃及新总统不得不面临日益扩大的预算赤字引起的能源补贴问题。摩洛哥和约旦在过去几年都削减了补贴。甚至科威特也在这周宣布计划停止柴油机补贴。 <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="politics">politics</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reform">reform</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="exceedingly">exceedingly</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span>. <span word="Politicians">Politicians</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="loth">loth</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="antagonise">antagonise</span> <span word="theurban">theurban</span> <span word="elite">elite</span>; <span word="insiders">insiders</span> <span word="benefit">benefit</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="cheap">cheap</span> <span word="fuel">fuel</span>; <span word="ordinary">ordinary</span> <span word="citizens">citizens</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="notbelieve">notbelieve</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="compensated">compensated</span>. <span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="previous">previous</span> <span word="attempts">attempts</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="beenabandoned">beenabandoned</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="face">face</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="protests">protests</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="rising">rising</span> <span word="global">global</span> <span word="oil">oil</span> <span word="prices">prices</span>. <span word="Experience">Experience</span> <span word="suggeststhat">suggeststhat</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="attempt">attempt</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="accompanied">accompanied</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="public">public</span>-<span word="education">education</span> <span word="campaignto">campaignto</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="costs">costs</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="inequities">inequities</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="timetable">timetable</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="gradual">gradual</span> <span word="priceincreases">priceincreases</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="supported">supported</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="targeted">targeted</span> <span word="transfers">transfers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="counter">counter</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="fuel">fuel</span> <span word="priceson">priceson</span> <span word="poorer">poorer</span> <span word="people">people</span>. 然而改革中的政治博弈极其困难。政治家不愿对抗城市精英，内部人士常常从便宜的燃料中得到好处，普通市民则不相信他们能拿到补贴。面临着日益增多的反抗声音和全球油价的上涨，很多之前削减补贴的尝试都被搁置了。经验表明，任何试图削减补贴的尝试都需要相应的配套措施：介绍成本与补贴不平等的公共教育、有关价格逐渐上涨的时间表、有指向的转移支撑以平息高燃料价格对穷人造成的影响。 <span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="politics">politics</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span>-<span word="laid">laid</span> <span word="plans">plans</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mistake">mistake</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="expect">expect</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="toofast">toofast</span>. <span word="Entrenched">Entrenched</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="anywhere">anywhere</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="devilishly">devilishly</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="rid">rid</span> <span word="of">of</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="oil">oil</span> <span word="price">price</span> <span word="rises">rises</span>,<span word="so">so</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pressure">pressure</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="emerging">emerging</span> <span word="economies">economies</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="protect">protect</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="citizens">citizens</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="dearerfuel">dearerfuel</span>. <span word="But">But</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="moment">moment</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="chance">chance</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="accelerate">accelerate</span> <span word="reform">reform</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="anopportunity">anopportunity</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="missed">missed</span>. 尽管有着更好的政治氛围和最好的计划，预期太多太快都是错误的。在任何地方，根深蒂固的补贴都是很难摆脱的。如果油价上涨，那么新兴经济体保护市民不受更贵燃料影响的压力就会上涨。但是，目前来看，加快改革似乎是有机会的，这一机会不可错失。 词语解释 1.<span word="get">get</span> <span word="rid">rid</span> <span word="of">of</span> 除掉，去掉 <span word="She">She</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mad">mad</span> <span word="urge">urge</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="write">write</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="check">check</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="ridof">ridof</span> <span word="him">him</span>. 她疯了似的想快速涂写支票，想赶快摆脱他。 <span word="Setting">Setting</span> <span word="goals">goals</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="profound">profound</span> <span word="task">task</span> <span word="thanjust">thanjust</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="rid">rid</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="overload">overload</span>. 明确目标是一个意义深远的工作而不仅仅是一个摆脱信息过载的方法。 2.<span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="of">of</span> 至于，就来说 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="commitment">commitment</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="explicit">explicit</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="public">public</span>-<span word="sector">sector</span> <span word="schemes">schemes</span>. 在公有部门的退休金计划中，政府承诺支持是显而易见的。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="shortfall">shortfall</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="local">local</span> <span word="expenditure">expenditure</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="foreign">foreign</span> <span word="donors">donors</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="particularly">particularly</span> <span word="relevantin">relevantin</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cafs">cafs</span>. 当地资金支出的短缺意味着国外捐资人在这些战乱国家变得尤为重要。 3.<span word="suffer">suffer</span> <span word="from">from</span> 忍受,遭受 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="smaller">smaller</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="suffer">suffer</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span>-<span word="disordered">disordered</span> <span word="breathing">breathing</span>. 患有其它睡眠呼吸紊乱的比例更小。 <span word="All">All</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="panelists">panelists</span> <span word="suffer">suffer</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="mental">mental</span> <span word="illnesses">illnesses</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span>. 这三个小组成员本身就患有精神疾病。 4.<span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="to">to</span> 打算,计划 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="ceo">ceo</span>, <span word="what">what</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reduce">reduce</span>? 如今作为<span word="CEO">CEO</span>，你计划在哪些方面进行简化? <span word="Despite">Despite</span> <span word="u">u</span>.<span word="s">s</span>. <span word="unemployment">unemployment</span> <span word="hovering">hovering</span> <span word="around">around</span> 9.2%, 83% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="u">u</span>.<span word="s">s</span>. <span word="start">start</span>-<span word="ups">ups</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hire">hire</span> <span word="in">in</span>2011. 尽管美国失业率仍徘徊在9.2%居高不下，但83%的美国初创公司已计划于2011年招兵买马。</p>
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