行为经济学
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="economics">economics</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span> 行为经济学 <span word="Time">Time</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="punishment">punishment</span> 时间与处罚 <span word="Impatient">Impatient</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="becomelawbreakers">becomelawbreakers</span> 心急的孩子更容易成为不法分子 <span word="IN">IN</span> <span word="HIS">HIS</span> <span word="Odyssey">Odyssey</span>, <span word="Homer">Homer</span> <span word="immortalized">immortalized</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="ofresisting">ofresisting</span> <span word="temptation">temptation</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="having">having</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="protagonist">protagonist</span> <span word="tied">tied</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mast">mast</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="ship">ship</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hear">hear</span> <span word="yet">yet</span> <span word="notsuccumb">notsuccumb</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="beautiful">beautiful</span>, <span word="dangerous">dangerous</span> <span word="songs">songs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Sirens">Sirens</span>. <span word="Researchers">Researchers</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="beenintrigued">beenintrigued</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="avoid">avoid</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="defer">defer</span>, <span word="gratification">gratification</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="related">related</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="outcomesin">outcomesin</span> <span word="life">life</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="best">best</span>-<span word="known">known</span> <span word="test">test</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="marshmallow">marshmallow</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="couldrefrain">couldrefrain</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="eating">eating</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="confection">confection</span> <span word="for">for</span> 15 <span word="minutes">minutes</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="one">one</span>. <span word="Children">Children</span> <span word="whocould">whocould</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="wait">wait</span> <span word="tended">tended</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="lower">lower</span> <span word="incomes">incomes</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="poorer">poorer</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="adults">adults</span>. <span word="New">New</span> <span word="researchsuggests">researchsuggests</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="kids">kids</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="unable">unable</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="delay">delay</span> <span word="rewards">rewards</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="criminalslater">criminalslater</span>. 荷马笔下的《奥德赛》里，那抵制诱惑的故事经久不衰。主角将自己绑在船的桅杆上，听得到塞壬美妙却又危险的歌声，但不屈从于诱惑。长期以来，研究人员一直好奇人们是否有能力抵制或推迟与生活相关的满足感。在最知名的棉花糖实验里，15分钟内能忍住不吃糖的孩子就可以吃到两块棉花糖。无法等待的孩子成年后往往收入较低，健康状况较差。新的研究表明，不能耽搁而必须立即享受奖赏的孩子们之后也更可能成为罪犯。 <span word="David">David</span> <span word="Akerlund">Akerlund</span>, <span word="Hans">Hans</span> <span word="Gronqvist">Gronqvist</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Lena">Lena</span> <span word="Lindahl">Lindahl</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Stockholm">Stockholm</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Bart">Bart</span> <span word="Golsteynof">Golsteynof</span> <span word="Maastricht">Maastricht</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Swedish">Swedish</span> <span word="survey">survey</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> 13,000<span word="children">children</span> <span word="aged">aged</span> 13 <span word="were">were</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="prefer">prefer</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="receive">receive</span> $140 <span word="now">now</span> <span word="or">or</span> $1,400 <span word="in">in</span> <span word="fiveyears">fiveyears</span> <span word="time">time</span>. <span word="About">About</span> <span word="four">four</span>-<span word="fifths">fifths</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="prepared">prepared</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="wait">wait</span>. 斯德哥尔摩大学的大卫阿克隆德，汉斯格伦维斯特，莉娜林达尔，以及马斯特里赫特大学的巴特哥斯蒂恩使用了一项取自瑞典的调查数据，调查中，超过13,000名13岁的孩子被问及是希望现在获得140美元还是五年后获得1,400美元，约五分之四的孩子说他们愿意等待。 <span word="Unlike">Unlike</span> <span word="previous">previous</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="authors">authors</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="track">track</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="account">account</span> <span word="fortheir">fortheir</span> <span word="parental">parental</span> <span word="background">background</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="cognitive">cognitive</span> <span word="ability">ability</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> 13-<span word="year">year</span>-<span word="olds">olds</span> <span word="whowanted">whowanted</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="smaller">smaller</span> <span word="sum">sum</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="once">once</span> <span word="were">were</span> 32% <span word="more">more</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="convicted">convicted</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="crimeduring">crimeduring</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="next">next</span> 18 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="wait">wait</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="biggerreward">biggerreward</span>. <span word="Individuals">Individuals</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="impatient">impatient</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="believe">believe</span>, <span word="prefer">prefer</span> <span word="instant">instant</span> <span word="benefits">benefits</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="aretherefore">aretherefore</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="deterred">deterred</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="potential">potential</span> <span word="punishments">punishments</span>. 不同于以往的研究者，此次调查中，研究人员追踪所有的孩子，并对其父母的背景和认知能力进行评估。他们发现，比起那些宁愿等待更大奖赏的13岁孩子，想要一次性取得较小金额的孩子有32%的可能在今后18年内犯下罪行。因此，研究人员相信，缺乏耐心的个体喜欢即时的好处，而且不太可能因潜在的惩罚而却步。 <span word="But">But</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="fret">fret</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="persons">persons</span> <span word="criminal">criminal</span> <span word="path">path</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="teenager">teenager</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="notdespair">notdespair</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="offer">offer</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="remedy">remedy</span>. <span word="When">When</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="respondents">respondents</span> <span word="education">education</span> <span word="wasincluded">wasincluded</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="educational">educational</span> <span word="attainment">attainment</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="linked">linked</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="apreference">apreference</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="delayed">delayed</span> <span word="gratification">gratification</span>. <span word="We">We</span> <span word="therefore">therefore</span> <span word="suspect">suspect</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="schooling">schooling</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="deterpeople">deterpeople</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="crime">crime</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="value">value</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="future">future</span> <span word="more">more</span>, <span word="explains">explains</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Gronqvist">Gronqvist</span>. 但是，那些为一个人的犯罪轨迹在十几岁时就已定型发愁的人也不用绝望。四位研究人员提供了一项补救措施。当受访者的教育程度被纳入分析时，研究人员发现，较高的教育程度与推迟满足感的偏好是有联系的。因此，我们猜想，学校教育可以使他们更多的看重未来，从而压下犯罪的念头，格伦维斯特先生解释道。 <span word="Educational">Educational</span> <span word="attainment">attainment</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="patience">patience</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="related">related</span> <span word="either">either</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="patience">patience</span> <span word="helps">helps</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="todo">todo</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="schooling">schooling</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="postpone">postpone</span> <span word="rewards">rewards</span>. <span word="Fortunately">Fortunately</span>,<span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="latter">latter</span> <span word="theory">theory</span>. <span word="Francisco">Francisco</span> <span word="Perez">Perez</span>-<span word="Arce">Arce</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="RANDCorporation">RANDCorporation</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="think">think</span>-<span word="tank">tank</span>, <span word="interviewed">interviewed</span> <span word="around">around</span> 2,000 <span word="applicants">applicants</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="Mexican">Mexican</span> <span word="universities">universities</span>. <span word="Thestudents">Thestudents</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="credentials">credentials</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="obtained">obtained</span> <span word="admission">admission</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lottery">lottery</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="auniversity">auniversity</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="charge">charge</span> <span word="tuition">tuition</span> <span word="fees">fees</span>, <span word="whereas">whereas</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rest">rest</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="apply">apply</span> <span word="elsewhere">elsewhere</span>. <span word="As">As</span> <span word="aresult">aresult</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="proportion">proportion</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="lottery">lottery</span>-<span word="winners">winners</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="losers">losers</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="college">college</span>. <span word="After">After</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="year">year</span>, <span word="MrPerez">MrPerez</span>-<span word="Arce">Arce</span> <span word="found">found</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lottery">lottery</span>-<span word="winners">winners</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="patient">patient</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="losers">losers</span>. <span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="processwas">processwas</span> <span word="random">random</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="concluded">concluded</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="education">education</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="place">place</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="weight">weight</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="thefuture">thefuture</span>. 教育程度和耐心的相关性可能是因为耐心能帮助学生们做的更好，或者是因为教育增加了人们推迟奖赏的可能性。幸运的是，后一种理论有着论据支撑。咨询研究机构兰德的弗朗西斯科佩雷斯-阿尔塞采访了大约2,000位墨西哥大学的申请者。学生们手中有相似的凭据，但一些人能凭借抽奖被大学录取且不收学费，其他人则需另谋他处。结果，抽奖赢家们上大学的比例高于未被抽中者。一年后，佩雷斯-阿尔塞发现，抽奖中的赢家比输家更有耐心。由于这个过程是随机的，他得出结论称高等教育可以使人们更多的关注于未来。 <span word="Victor">Victor</span> <span word="Hugo">Hugo</span> <span word="supposedly">supposedly</span> <span word="said">said</span>, <span word="He">He</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="opens">opens</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="door">door</span> <span word="closes">closes</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="prison">prison</span>. <span word="Homer">Homer</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="theonly">theonly</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="writer">writer</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="lessons">lessons</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="research">research</span>. 维克多雨果曾说，谁若是开办了一所学校,他便是关闭了一座监狱。看起来，写下与经济研究相关的经验教训的伟大作家可不止荷马一人。 词语解释 1.<span word="relate">relate</span> <span word="to">to</span> 涉及;同有关系 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="bonds">bonds</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="sec">sec</span> <span word="charges">charges</span> <span word="relateto">relateto</span>. 目前尚不清楚<span word="SEC">SEC</span>的最新指控涉及哪些债券。 <span word="Cutting">Cutting</span> <span word="costs">costs</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="easy">easy</span>: <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bulk">bulk</span> <span word="relate">relate</span> <span word="topromises">topromises</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="made">made</span>. 削减成本并不是件容易的事：大部分成本与已经做出的承诺有关。 2.<span word="tend">tend</span> <span word="to">to</span> 趋向;偏重 <span word="Smaller">Smaller</span> <span word="laptops">laptops</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="tend">tend</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="longer">longer</span> <span word="battery">battery</span> <span word="life">life</span>. 小巧的电脑也趋向更长的电池持续时间。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="tend">tend</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="prefer">prefer</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="colors">colors</span>. 我往往更喜欢淡颜色。 3.<span word="account">account</span> <span word="for">for</span> 导致，引起 <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="account">account</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="today">today</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="affairs">affairs</span>? 如今女性在婚外情中所占比例是不是更大? <span word="Philosophers">Philosophers</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="wondered">wondered</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="account">account</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="essences">essences</span>. 长期以来，哲学家们困惑于如何说明这些本质。 4.<span word="wait">wait</span> <span word="for">for</span> 等待 <span word="So">So</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bus">bus</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="wait">wait</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fare">fare</span>. 所以，公交车不必为了收费而等待。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="okay">okay</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ask">ask</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="coach">coach</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="wait">wait</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="someone">someone</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="offer">offer</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="one">one</span>. 除了等待公司安排，员工也可以主动要求培训。</p>
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