英国佣人
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Domestics">Domestics</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Britain">Britain</span> 英国佣人 <span word="Life">Life</span> <span word="below">below</span> <span word="stairs">stairs</span> 阁楼下的生活 <span word="Servantsin">Servantsin</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="words">words</span> 仆人的自述 <span word="WINSTON">WINSTON</span> <span word="CHURCHILL">CHURCHILL</span> <span word="S">S</span> <span word="valet">valet</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="greatman">greatman</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="dress">dress</span> <span word="himself">himself</span>: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="sat">sat</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="adummy">adummy</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="dressed">dressed</span> <span word="him">him</span>. <span word="Whether">Whether</span> <span word="anyone">anyone</span> <span word="ironed">ironed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wartime">wartime</span> <span word="prime">prime</span> <span word="minister">minister</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="shoelaces">shoelaces</span>, <span word="washed">washed</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="loose">loose</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="sure">sure</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="yolks">yolks</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="boiled">boiled</span> <span word="eggs">eggs</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="centred">centred</span>, <span word="LucyLethbridge">LucyLethbridge</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="say">say</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="shows">shows</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="absorbing">absorbing</span> <span word="history">history</span>, <span word="much">much</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="words">words</span> <span word="ofservants">ofservants</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rule">rule</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="houses">houses</span>. <span word="WINSTON">WINSTON</span> <span word="CHURCHILL">CHURCHILL</span>的男仆总是说，该伟大的男人无法自己更衣：他笨拙地坐在那里，让你给他穿衣。 <span word="Lucy">Lucy</span> <span word="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</span>并没说战时是否有仆人为首相熨鞋带、洗零钱、确保餐桌上有水煮蛋蛋黄。但她在书里展现的这段历史引人入胜，用仆人的话来说，这些都是作为仆人的义务。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="extreme">extreme</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="surveya">surveya</span> <span word="vivid">vivid</span> <span word="sweep">sweep</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="ducal">ducal</span> <span word="palace">palace</span> <span word="tosuburban">tosuburban</span> <span word="villa">villa</span>, <span word="from">from</span> <span word="lordly">lordly</span> <span word="butler">butler</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Barnardo">Barnardo</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="orphan">orphan</span>, <span word="from">from</span> <span word="decaying">decaying</span> <span word="gentry">gentry</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="aspiringmiddles">aspiringmiddles</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="foreign">foreign</span> <span word="nannies">nannies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="cleaners">cleaners</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="today">today</span>. <span word="Her">Her</span> <span word="subject">subject</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="many">many</span>-<span word="branched">branched</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fullof">fullof</span> <span word="pressing">pressing</span> <span word="issues">issues</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="least">least</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="status">status</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="housework">housework</span> <span word="itself">itself</span>. <span word="All">All</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="peculiarfascination">peculiarfascination</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="order">order</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="skivvies">skivvies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="tweenies">tweenies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="gentlemen">gentlemen</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="gentlemen">gentlemen</span>.<span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="resembled">resembled</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="theatre">theatre</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="absurd">absurd</span>, <span word="where">where</span> <span word="maidsbecame">maidsbecame</span> <span word="invisible">invisible</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="turning">turning</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="faces">faces</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wall">wall</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="master">master</span> <span word="walked">walked</span> <span word="by">by</span>. <span word="Virginia">Virginia</span> <span word="Woolfcaptures">Woolfcaptures</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ethos">ethos</span> <span word="brilliantly">brilliantly</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Mrs">Mrs</span> <span word="Dalloway">Dalloway</span>, <span word="where">where</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="society">society</span> <span word="lunch">lunch</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="apparentlymagicked">apparentlymagicked</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="existence">existence</span>. <span word="Tables">Tables</span> <span word="self">self</span>-<span word="spread">spread</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="glass">glass</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="silver">silver</span>, <span word="food">food</span> <span word="self">self</span>-<span word="cooks">cooks</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="isserved">isserved</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="women">women</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="handmaidens">handmaidens</span>, <span word="adepts">adepts</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mystery">mystery</span>. <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</span>向我们展现了截然不同的生活场景从公爵官邸里忙碌的大扫除到僻静的郊区住宅，从贵族男管家到<span word="Barnardo">Barnardo</span>的孤儿，从衰落的贵族、兴起的中产阶级到外国保姆，如今的清洁工。所列议题广而紧迫，尤其是家务劳动本身的情形。但过去关于下等佣人、女仆、贴身男仆的约定俗成也同样令人好奇。 这就是阶级体系与荒诞派戏剧最为相似的部分，一看到主人，女仆们就要扭头脸贴墙变成隐形人。<span word="VirginiaWoolf">VirginiaWoolf</span>在《达洛维夫人》一书中绝妙地捕捉了这种社会现象。社交午餐何其充满了魔力，餐桌自己摆上了杯具和刀叉，食物自己煮好端上桌。其实这些并非职业女性所为，而是出自善于隐形的女仆之手。 <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mystifications">mystifications</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="enveloped">enveloped</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="employers">employers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="employed">employed</span>.<span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="servants">servants</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="drudges">drudges</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="slaveys">slaveys</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="estimated">estimated</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="maid">maid</span> <span word="carried">carried</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="tonnesof">tonnesof</span> <span word="hot">hot</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="stairs">stairs</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="week">week</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="expected">expected</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="grateful">grateful</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="aplace">aplace</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="factory">factory</span> . <span word="A">A</span> <span word="home">home</span>, <span word="so">so</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="myth">myth</span> <span word="went">went</span>, <span word="was">was</span> <span word="ahaven">ahaven</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="moral">moral</span> <span word="purity">purity</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="order">order</span>. <span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="furniture">furniture</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="sanctified">sanctified</span>. <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="advicebook">advicebook</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="maid">maid</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="place">place</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="heart">heart</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="next">next</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="family">family</span>. <span word="No">No</span> <span word="amount">amount</span> <span word="ofdigging">ofdigging</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="chapped">chapped</span> <span word="fingers">fingers</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="greasy">greasy</span> <span word="saucepans">saucepans</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="shake">shake</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="employers">employers</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="ofconferring">ofconferring</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="privilege">privilege</span>. <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</span>擅长刻画雇主与佣工身上的神秘莫测。大多数仆人过去做过苦力，当过奴隶。据估计，一个女仆每周要拎三公吨的热水楼上楼下地忙碌。对此他们心存感激，因为他们可以住在称作家的地方，而不是住在工厂。家如同神话般被视为纯洁的道德和秩序的庇护所。就连家具都充满了神圣感。一本指南里写道，女仆应当忠于它们仅次于忠于这个家庭。女仆用皲裂的双手清洗油锅洗得再多也不会动摇雇主享受特权的信念。 <span word="Nor">Nor</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="anything">anything</span> <span word="modernise">modernise</span> <span word="them">them</span>. <span word="American">American</span> <span word="innovations">innovations</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="rubber">rubber</span> <span word="gloves">gloves</span>,<span word="detergents">detergents</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="vacuum">vacuum</span> <span word="cleaners">cleaners</span>, <span word="took">took</span> <span word="decades">decades</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="arrive">arrive</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Britain">Britain</span>. <span word="True">True</span> <span word="cachet">cachet</span> <span word="lay">lay</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="oldand">oldand</span> <span word="customary">customary</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wonderful">wonderful</span> <span word="story">story</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="footmen">footmen</span> <span word="having">having</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="remove">remove</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="cleaning">cleaning</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="theelectric">theelectric</span> <span word="lamps">lamps</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="morning">morning</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="oil">oil</span> <span word="lamps">lamps</span>. <span word="As">As</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="Lloyd">Lloyd</span> <span word="George">George</span> <span word="s">s</span> 1911 <span word="bill">bill</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bringin">bringin</span> <span word="compulsory">compulsory</span> <span word="insurance">insurance</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="unemployment">unemployment</span> <span word="benefits">benefits</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="servants">servants</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="uproar">uproar</span>; <span word="thedelicate">thedelicate</span> <span word="balance">balance</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="employer">employer</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="servant">servant</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="destroyed">destroyed</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="said">said</span>. 没有事物能让英国佣人与时俱进。美国的发明创造，像是橡胶手套、洗涤剂、吸尘器，过了几十年才在英国流行起来。老派的作风习惯体现了真正的贵族威望。有个有趣的故事是说一名男仆每早起来都要卸下灯泡并清洁，搞得它们跟煤油灯似的。就在1911年，<span word="Lloyd">Lloyd</span> <span word="George">George</span>专门为仆人开设法定保险与失业津贴一事引起骚动;舆论说这将打破雇主与佣人间微妙的平衡。 <span word="Victorian">Victorian</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="early">early</span>-20<span word="th">th</span>-<span word="century">century</span> <span word="domestics">domestics</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="largest">largest</span> <span word="single">single</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Britainafter">Britainafter</span> <span word="agricultural">agricultural</span> <span word="labourers">labourers</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="histories">histories</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="neglected">neglected</span> <span word="them">them</span>. <span word="Scornedby">Scornedby</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="peers">peers</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="flunkeys">flunkeys</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="felt">felt</span> <span word="constrained">constrained</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="position">position</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="morethan">morethan</span> <span word="sing">sing</span> <span word="rudely">rudely</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="washing">washing</span>-<span word="up">up</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="telling">telling</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="story">story</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="fully">fully</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="humanely">humanely</span>, <span word="MsLethbridge">MsLethbridge</span> <span word="manages">manages</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="suggest">suggest</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="words">words</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="song">song</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span>. 维多利亚及二十世纪初期的英国，佣人是继劳农群体后最大的工人群体。而工人阶级的史料中却遗漏了这一群体。同阶层的工人蔑视他们，认为他们是奴仆，社会地位让他们无路可寻，只能边洗餐盘边唱悲歌。<span word="MsLethbridge">MsLethbridge</span>通过完整人道的故事叙述，成功说明了那些歌声到底意味着什么。 词语解释 1.<span word="face">face</span> <span word="to">to</span> 面对 <span word="Get">Get</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="ass">ass</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="office">office</span> <span word="chair">chair</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="face">face</span> <span word="toface">toface</span>. 从办公椅上抬起你得屁股，去与客户面对面交流。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="stumbled">stumbled</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="convenience">convenience</span> <span word="store">store</span> <span word="wherestuart">wherestuart</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="himself">himself</span> <span word="face">face</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="face">face</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="andattractive">andattractive</span> <span word="clerk">clerk</span>. 他们随便走入一家自助商店，在那里，斯图亚特突然发现自己与一个年轻的、很吸引人的女店员面对着面。 2.<span word="expect">expect</span> <span word="to">to</span> 期许 <span word="Investors">Investors</span> <span word="typically">typically</span> <span word="expect">expect</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="repaid">repaid</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="lend">lend</span>. 通常，投资者总是希望将来拿到的钱能多于借出去的钱。 <span word="Fewer">Fewer</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="half">half</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="executives">executives</span> <span word="polled">polled</span> <span word="recently">recently</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="fortune">fortune</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="expect">expect</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="theirheadcount">theirheadcount</span> <span word="in">in</span> 2012. 近期接受《财富》杂志采访的公司高管中只有不到一半的人表示，2012年预计将扩大员工招聘。 3.<span word="as">as</span> <span word="if">if</span> 好像，似乎，仿佛 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rock">rock</span> <span word="star">star</span>. 狂喜之情溢于言表，仿佛他是个摇滚巨星。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="silicon">silicon</span> <span word="valley">valley</span> <span word="entrepreneurs">entrepreneurs</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="mars">mars</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="wall">wall</span> <span word="street">street</span> <span word="investors">investors</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="fromvenus">fromvenus</span>. 就好像硅谷创业者来自火星，而华尔街投资者来自金星。 4.<span word="manage">manage</span> <span word="to">to</span> 管理 <span word="Moreover">Moreover</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="blackstone">blackstone</span> <span word="doesn">doesn</span> <span word="t">t</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="michael">michael</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="participation">participation</span>, <span word="how">how</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="manage">manage</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="getfinancing">getfinancing</span>? 再者，如果黑石没有让迈克尔参与的话，那它是怎么设法融资的呢? <span word="The">The</span> <span word="rest">rest</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="europe">europe</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="manage">manage</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="muddle">muddle</span> <span word="through">through</span>. 而欧洲其余国家也许能很好地设法渡过此难关。</p>
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