美国去杠杆化进程
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Deleveraging">Deleveraging</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="America">America</span> 美国去杠杆化进程 <span word="Debt">Debt</span> <span word="calm">calm</span> 债务削减 <span word="Consumers">Consumers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="borrowing">borrowing</span> <span word="again">again</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="economyhas">economyhas</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="slow">slow</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="respond">respond</span> 虽然消费者们再次把手伸向了信用卡，但经济增长的回应却很慢 <span word="ECONOMISTS">ECONOMISTS</span> <span word="trying">trying</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="feeble">feeble</span> <span word="pace">pace</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="recovery">recovery</span> <span word="regularly">regularly</span> <span word="blamedeleveraging">blamedeleveraging</span>: <span word="the">the</span> <span word="multi">multi</span>-<span word="year">year</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="paying">paying</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="debts">debts</span> <span word="accumulated">accumulated</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span>.<span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="households">households</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="rate">rate</span>, <span word="deleveraging">deleveraging</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="stopped">stopped</span>. <span word="Mortgage">Mortgage</span> <span word="debt">debt</span> <span word="bottomed">bottomed</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="inthe">inthe</span> <span word="middle">middle</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="rising">rising</span> <span word="again">again</span>. <span word="Student">Student</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="car">car</span> <span word="loans">loans</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="rising">rising</span> <span word="briskly">briskly</span>. <span word="Onlyhome">Onlyhome</span>-<span word="equity">equity</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="consumer">consumer</span> <span word="loans">loans</span> <span word="continue">continue</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="shrivel">shrivel</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="absolute">absolute</span> <span word="terms">terms</span>, <span word="household">household</span> <span word="debt">debt</span> <span word="isrising">isrising</span> <span word="again">again</span> . <span word="Relative">Relative</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="household">household</span> <span word="income">income</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="peaked">peaked</span> <span word="at">at</span> 135% <span word="in">in</span> 2007, <span word="fell">fell</span> <span word="to">to</span>109% <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> 2012, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="roughly">roughly</span> <span word="stabilised">stabilised</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="level">level</span>. 那些想要解释美国经济复苏进程放缓的经济学家们，一如既往地表示该问题的罪魁祸首乃去杠杆化一个长年以来的过程，以偿还经济危机发生之前所积累的债务。然而对于普通民众来说，无论从何种角度来看，去杠杆化已成过去。抵押信贷规模在去年中期触底反弹，而今年则再次呈现出增长的态势。学生贷款和车辆贷款量迅速上升。而只有房屋抵押贷款和消费信贷仍保持萎靡不振。如果按绝对量来计算，美国家庭信贷负担再次处于上升阶段。相对于家庭收入水平而言，2007年上述绝对量的指标为现有的135%，而到了2012年末则跌至现有的109%，并随即粗略地稳定在该水平。 <span word="Banks">Banks</span>, <span word="after">after</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="spent">spent</span> <span word="rebuilding">rebuilding</span> <span word="capital">capital</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="appeasing">appeasing</span> <span word="regulators">regulators</span>, <span word="are">are</span> <span word="ramping">ramping</span> <span word="uplending">uplending</span>. <span word="Total">Total</span> <span word="bank">bank</span> <span word="credit">credit</span> <span word="grew">grew</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> 7.5% <span word="annual">annual</span> <span word="rate">rate</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="quarter">quarter</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fastest">fastest</span> <span word="since">since</span>2007, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="growth">growth</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="categories">categories</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="loans">loans</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="lots">lots</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="there">there</span>, <span word="lots">lots</span> <span word="ofbanks">ofbanks</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="liquidity">liquidity</span>, <span word="competing">competing</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="loans">loans</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="chief">chief</span> <span word="financial">financial</span> <span word="officer">officer</span> <span word="ofWells">ofWells</span> <span word="Fargo">Fargo</span>, <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="biggest">biggest</span> <span word="lenders">lenders</span>, <span word="recently">recently</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="analysts">analysts</span>. <span word="Competition">Competition</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="lendto">lendto</span> <span word="car">car</span> <span word="buyers">buyers</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="fierce">fierce</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Office">Office</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Comptroller">Comptroller</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Currency">Currency</span>, <span word="aregulator">aregulator</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="warned">warned</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="deteriorating">deteriorating</span> <span word="standards">standards</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="loans">loans</span> <span word="routinely">routinely</span> <span word="exceeding">exceeding</span> 100% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thecar">thecar</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="value">value</span>. 多年来，银行一直都在重新积累资本，都在对市场监管者进行安抚工作，而现在则开始扩大自己的信贷业务规模。在本年第二个季度里，银行总放贷量录得7.5%的提升，且大部分资金级别的贷款业务均得到了增长，而这是自2007年以来的单季最高增长速度。富国银行的<span word="CFO">CFO</span>近日向分析师透露：现在不仅有着大量需要贷款的人，同时也有大批具有充足流动性并且能够提供贷款的银行存在，后者要通过竞争来抢夺客户。目前，汽车贷款市场的竞争已经十分激烈，作为监管者的美国货币监理署正警告着信贷机构，要他们留意日益下降的放贷审核标准，因为汽车贷款的规模已经一如既往地突破了车辆销售总额。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="borrowing">borrowing</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="again">again</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="surprise">surprise</span>. <span word="Two">Two</span> <span word="studies">studies</span>, <span word="one">one</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="twoeconomists">twoeconomists</span>, <span word="Carmen">Carmen</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Vincent">Vincent</span> <span word="Reinhart">Reinhart</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="McKinsey">McKinsey</span> <span word="Global">Global</span> <span word="Institute">Institute</span>, <span word="athink">athink</span>-<span word="tank">tank</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="consultancy">consultancy</span>, <span word="both">both</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="prior">prior</span> <span word="episodes">episodes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="post">post</span>-<span word="crisis">crisis</span> <span word="deleveraginglasted">deleveraginglasted</span> <span word="six">six</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="seven">seven</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="averagejust">averagejust</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="present">present</span> <span word="one">one</span>. 信贷总量的再次攀升并不应该让人感到惊讶。一份由两位经济学家<span word="Carmen">Carmen</span>和<span word="Vincent">Vincent</span> <span word="Reinhart">Reinhart</span>完成的报告，以及另一份由麦肯锡公司内部的智库麦肯锡全球研究所所完成的报告，两份资料都发现了在上一次的后经济危机时期当中，去杠杆化的债务削减总体来说持续了六到七年，正如此次经济危机所发生的一样。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="theory">theory</span>, <span word="deleveraging">deleveraging</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="debts">debts</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sustainable">sustainable</span> <span word="level">level</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="difficultto">difficultto</span> <span word="measure">measure</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="paper">paper</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="economists">economists</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="European">European</span> <span word="Central">Central</span> <span word="Bankpoints">Bankpoints</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="debt">debt</span> <span word="consumers">consumers</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="bear">bear</span> <span word="varies">varies</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="rates">rates</span>, <span word="house">house</span> <span word="prices">prices</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rateof">rateof</span> <span word="home">home</span>-<span word="ownership">ownership</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="share">share</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="population">population</span> <span word="aged">aged</span> 35-54, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="deposit">deposit</span> <span word="first">first</span>-<span word="timehouse">timehouse</span>-<span word="buyers">buyers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="required">required</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="foreclosure">foreclosure</span> <span word="rate">rate</span>. <span word="American">American</span> <span word="debt">debt</span> <span word="exceeded">exceeded</span> <span word="theequilibrium">theequilibrium</span> <span word="level">level</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="some">some</span> 25% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="household">household</span> <span word="income">income</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="start">start</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="recovery">recovery</span>. <span word="Sincethen">Sincethen</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="improvement">improvement</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="variables">variables</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="raised">raised</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="equilibrium">equilibrium</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="debthas">debthas</span> <span word="fallen">fallen</span>, <span word="bringing">bringing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="line">line</span>. 理论上来说，债务削减应该在负担的债务本身能够持续周转为基准，在该标准下停止进行，但这是很难衡量的一件事。一份由三位欧洲中央银行的经济学家所完成的工作报告中指出，消费者们能够负担的债务各自不同，而影响该结果的因素包含了利率、房屋价格、住房拥有率、35岁至54岁人口的比例、购房首期款的支付率和房屋赎回率等等。美国人们的债务规模超过了均衡收入水平，在经济复苏的初期负债总量超过了全国人民总收入的25%。从那时开始，上述影响信贷的因素都在逐渐向好的一面发展，而随着债务水平的下降，收入与贷款的平衡也开始逐渐恢复。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="deleveraging">deleveraging</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="stoked">stoked</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="economy">economy</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="hoped">hoped</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="firstquarter">firstquarter</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="economy">economy</span> <span word="shrank">shrank</span> <span word="by">by</span> 2.1% <span word="on">on</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="annualised">annualised</span> <span word="basis">basis</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="justbe">justbe</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lag">lag</span>: <span word="growth">growth</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="quarter">quarter</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="perkier">perkier</span> 4%. <span word="Goldman">Goldman</span> <span word="Sachs">Sachs</span> <span word="projects">projects</span> <span word="thatdebt">thatdebt</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="faster">faster</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="income">income</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="years">years</span>, <span word="keeping">keeping</span> <span word="growth">growth</span> <span word="above">above</span> 3%. 信贷削减的终结并没有像许多人所期待的那样给经济体打下强心针。在本年的第一季度里，经济总量下降的幅度约为年化2.1%。但这也许只是发生了滞后的现象：第二季度的经济增长态势比前面一个季度要好得多，达到了4%。高盛集团预计债务总量将会在未来几年里取得比收入增长更高的增速，将保持在3%以上。 <span word="However">However</span>, <span word="Richard">Richard</span> <span word="Dobbs">Dobbs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="McKinsey">McKinsey</span> <span word="points">points</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="although">although</span> <span word="consumers">consumers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="longercutting">longercutting</span> <span word="back">back</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="sector">sector</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="beginning">beginning</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="tighten">tighten</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="belt">belt</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="businesses">businesses</span> <span word="neverstopped">neverstopped</span> <span word="adding">adding</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="debts">debts</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="reckons">reckons</span> <span word="overall">overall</span> <span word="deleveraging">deleveraging</span>, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="firms">firms</span> <span word="andgovernment">andgovernment</span>, <span word="could">could</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="five">five</span> <span word="years">years</span>. 然而，麦肯锡公司的<span word="Richard">Richard</span> <span word="Dobbs">Dobbs</span>表示，虽然消费者们不再省吃俭用地过日子，但社会公共部门的财政紧缩计划只是刚开始，而企业们也不会停止增加自身的负债。他认为，包括公司和政府在内的机构，都会在未来的四年或者五年内保持去杠杠化的状态。 词语解释 1.<span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="off">off</span> 付清;取得成功 <span word="Pay">Pay</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="credit">credit</span> <span word="cards">cards</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="month">month</span>. 每个月请偿还你的信用卡账单。 <span word="If">If</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="help">help</span>, <span word="get">get</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="early">early</span> -- <span word="it">it</span> <span word="willpay">willpay</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="run">run</span>. 如果您需要帮助，那就获取并早日获取帮助 ? 它将在长期运行中给您回报。 2.<span word="continue">continue</span> <span word="to">to</span> 继续 <span word="At">At</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="moment">moment</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="continue">continue</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="do">do</span>. 目前我们会继续做我们应该做的。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="answer">answer</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="of">of</span>/<span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="continue">continue</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hold">hold</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="planneddepends">planneddepends</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="epidemic">epidemic</span> <span word="disease">disease</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="curbed">curbed</span>. 问题的答案在于，我们是否可以继续按计划举行会议，部分地取决于什么时候那种传染病会得到控制。 3.<span word="ramp">ramp</span> <span word="up">up</span> 增加 <span word="If">If</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="hire">hire</span> <span word="someone">someone</span> <span word="full">full</span>-<span word="time">time</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="takes">takes</span> 90 <span word="days">days</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ramp">ramp</span> <span word="up">up</span>. 如果你雇佣的是全职的高管，可能需要90天才能上手。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="graphed">graphed</span> <span word="dramatically">dramatically</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="idle">idle</span> <span word="ramp">ramp</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="timeoutevents">timeoutevents</span>, <span word="resulting">resulting</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="time">time</span>. 超时事件间的空闲上升时间越来越少，把这个结果画成图很引人关注，结果造成停机时间更少。</p>
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