校制改革
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="School">School</span> <span word="reform">reform</span> 校制改革 <span word="How">How</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="tame">tame</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Trojan">Trojan</span> <span word="horse">horse</span> 如何驯服一只害群之马 <span word="Extremism">Extremism</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Birmingham">Birmingham</span> <span word="schools">schools</span> <span word="poses">poses</span> <span word="aconundrum">aconundrum</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="reformers">reformers</span> 摆在改革者面前的难题是伯明翰学校中的极端主义 <span word="PETER">PETER</span> <span word="CLARKE">CLARKE</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="spot">spot</span> <span word="terrorist">terrorist</span> <span word="plots">plots</span> <span word="forLondon">forLondon</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Metropolitan">Metropolitan</span> <span word="Police">Police</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="confirmed">confirmed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="ugly">ugly</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="happening">happening</span> <span word="inBirmingham">inBirmingham</span>, <span word="too">too</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="report">report</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="July">July</span> 22<span word="nd">nd</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="showed">showed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="teachers">teachers</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="mostly">mostly</span> <span word="Muslimschools">Muslimschools</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="exchanged">exchanged</span> <span word="messages">messages</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mobile">mobile</span> <span word="app">app</span> <span word="disparaging">disparaging</span> <span word="gays">gays</span>, <span word="Israel">Israel</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="theWest">theWest</span>; <span word="they">they</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="discussed">discussed</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="foster">foster</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="intolerant">intolerant</span> <span word="Islamist">Islamist</span> <span word="culture">culture</span>. <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Clarke">Clarke</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="isthe">isthe</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="report">report</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="subjectand">subjectand</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="that">that</span>, <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="certainly">certainly</span>, <span word="signals">signals</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="partial">partial</span> <span word="retreatfor">retreatfor</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="bold">bold</span> <span word="education">education</span> <span word="reforms">reforms</span>. 彼得克拉克曾经为伦敦警察局侦查恐怖阴谋，他确信，在伯明翰也有一些肮脏的事情发生。他在7月22日的一份报告中说，伯明翰穆斯林居多的学校中，有一些老师在一款诋毁同性恋、以色列以及西方国家的手机应用上相互交流;他们还讨论如何形成一个排除伊斯兰教徒的文化氛围。克拉克先生的报告是第三份关于这个主题的报告，还几乎是一份政府正大胆进行的教育改革有所退让的信号。 <span word="Since">Since</span> 2010 <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Conservative">Conservative</span>-<span word="Liberal">Liberal</span> <span word="Democrat">Democrat</span> <span word="coalition">coalition</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="freed">freed</span> <span word="some">some</span> 2,500 <span word="schools">schools</span> <span word="fromlocal">fromlocal</span>-<span word="authority">authority</span> <span word="control">control</span>, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ones">ones</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="awry">awry</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Birmingham">Birmingham</span>. <span word="Thoughall">Thoughall</span> <span word="remain">remain</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Department">Department</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="Education">Education</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="submit">submit</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="inspectionsby">inspectionsby</span> <span word="Ofsted">Ofsted</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="schools">schools</span> <span word="watchdog">watchdog</span>, <span word="head">head</span> <span word="teachers">teachers</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="considerable">considerable</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="shape">shape</span> <span word="thecurriculum">thecurriculum</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="addition">addition</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="academies">academies</span>, <span word="parents">parents</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="encouraged">encouraged</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="upfree">upfree</span> <span word="schools">schools</span>. <span word="Institutionally">Institutionally</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="coalition">coalition</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="successful">successful</span> <span word="public">public</span>-<span word="sector">sector</span> <span word="reform">reform</span>: <span word="bycontrast">bycontrast</span>, <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="policing">policing</span>, <span word="health">health</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="welfare">welfare</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="slow">slow</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="troubled">troubled</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="theeducation">theeducation</span> <span word="reforms">reforms</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="ruffled">ruffled</span> <span word="feathers">feathers</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="posed">posed</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="knotty">knotty</span> <span word="question">question</span>. 2010年，保守党自民党联合政府让2500所学校脱离地方当局的管控，这包括其中一些出问题的伯明翰学校。即使所有的学校仍然在教育部的管理之下，并且必须服从教育标准局的审查。因为学校的监管者校长，有相当大的权力来修改课程。除了这些学术型学校，家长们还被怂恿去建立免费学校。在制度上，这是联合政府最成功的一次有关国营部门的改革：相比之下，在治安、医疗和福利方面的改变显得进程缓慢，而且困难重重。但这次的教育改革民怨难平，问题棘手。 <span word="How">How</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="desire">desire</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="give">give</span> <span word="schools">schools</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="autonomy">autonomy</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="squared">squared</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="desire">desire</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="enforceliberal">enforceliberal</span> <span word="values">values</span>? <span word="Sir">Sir</span> <span word="Michael">Michael</span> <span word="Wilshaw">Wilshaw</span>, <span word="Ofsted">Ofsted</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="boss">boss</span>, <span word="fought">fought</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="battle">battle</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Michael">Michael</span> <span word="GoveuntilJuly">GoveuntilJuly</span> 15<span word="th">th</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="combative">combative</span> <span word="education">education</span> <span word="secretaryover">secretaryover</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="burgeoning">burgeoning</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="ofacademy">ofacademy</span> <span word="chains">chains</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="schools">schools</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="overseen">overseen</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="layer">layer</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="commissioners">commissioners</span>. <span word="MrGove">MrGove</span> <span word="feared">feared</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="move">move</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="slow">slow</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="reform">reform</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="Sir">Sir</span> <span word="Michael">Michael</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="succeeded">succeeded</span> <span word="ininstating">ininstating</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="eight">eight</span> <span word="regional">regional</span> <span word="commissioners">commissioners</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Birmingham">Birmingham</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="owncommissioner">owncommissioner</span>. 怎样才可以在保证学校自主权的同时，又加强自由主义价值观?教育标准局局长迈克尔威尔肖爵士和迈克尔戈夫曾有过争论，后者在7月15日之前一直任教育部长，且非常好斗。他们争论的焦点是，蓬勃发展的学院链和免费学校的数量是否该被新的领导层监管。戈夫担心，这样的举动会使改革放缓。但迈克尔爵士已经成功任命一个八人区域专员小组，而且伯明翰也将要有自己的地区专员。 <span word="Tristram">Tristram</span> <span word="Hunt">Hunt</span>, <span word="Labour">Labour</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="education">education</span> <span word="spokesman">spokesman</span>, <span word="backs">backs</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="muscular">muscular</span> <span word="oversight">oversight</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="Englishschools">Englishschools</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="wants">wants</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="schools">schools</span>-<span word="standards">standards</span> <span word="directors">directors</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="beady">beady</span> <span word="eye">eye</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="happens">happens</span> <span word="inclassrooms">inclassrooms</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="achieving">achieving</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="crushing">crushing</span> <span word="innovation">innovation</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="reproducing">reproducing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mediocreuniformity">mediocreuniformity</span> <span word="imposed">imposed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="local">local</span> <span word="authorities">authorities</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="easy">easy</span>. <span word="Nobody">Nobody</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="sure">sure</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="theyshould">theyshould</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="elected">elected</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="fiefs">fiefs</span> <span word="ought">ought</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span>. 特里斯特拉姆亨特是工党教育方面的发言人，他对所有的英语学校都有强势的监管。他想要新的基于学校标准的负责人，睁大眼睛关注教室中的一举一动。但是想要实现这个目标并非易事，因为要同时不压制创新，抑或重现地方当局实行成效平平的一致化。似乎没人能够肯定，他们自己是否该被选上，或者自己的管辖区域到底该多大。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="puzzle">puzzle</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="combine">combine</span> <span word="freedom">freedom</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="accountability">accountability</span> <span word="bedevils">bedevils</span> <span word="education">education</span> <span word="reforms">reforms</span> <span word="farbeyond">farbeyond</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="Midlands">Midlands</span>. <span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="charter">charter</span> <span word="schools">schools</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="brilliant">brilliant</span>: <span word="a">a</span> <span word="report">report</span> <span word="bythe">bythe</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Arkansas">Arkansas</span> <span word="concluded">concluded</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="deliver">deliver</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="greater">greater</span> <span word="return">return</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="investment">investment</span> <span word="thanother">thanother</span> <span word="secondary">secondary</span> <span word="schools">schools</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> 3% <span word="per">per</span> <span word="student">student</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="enrolled">enrolled</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="school">school</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="analarming">analarming</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="self">self</span>-<span word="inflicted">inflicted</span> <span word="problems">problems</span>. <span word="Michigan">Michigan</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="announced">announced</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="stepup">stepup</span> <span word="oversight">oversight</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="over">over</span> 700 <span word="charter">charter</span> <span word="schools">schools</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="revelations">revelations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="waste">waste</span>. 如何把教育自由和问责制相结合，这个难题给教育改革带来的困扰要远远超过英国中部地区。相比之下，美国很多的特许学校就很聪明：阿肯色大学的一份报告总结出，每年学校录取的学生中，每名有近3%的投资回报会超过其他初级中学。然而，有非常多自身造成的问题。在滥用职权被披露后，密歇根州已经宣布，将会对超过700所特许学校建立监管体制。 <span word="Sweden">Sweden</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="schools">schools</span>, <span word="often">often</span> <span word="cited">cited</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bracing">bracing</span> <span word="innovation">innovation</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Conservative">Conservative</span> <span word="reformers">reformers</span> <span word="inBritain">inBritain</span>, <span word="have">have</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="performed">performed</span> <span word="poorly">poorly</span>. <span word="Sweden">Sweden</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="ranking">ranking</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="standardised">standardised</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> <span word="fell">fell</span> <span word="steeplybetween">steeplybetween</span> 2002 <span word="and">and</span> 2012; <span word="faults">faults</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="inspection">inspection</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="oversight">oversight</span> <span word="system">system</span>.<span word="But">But</span> <span word="centralisation">centralisation</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="better">better</span>. <span word="France">France</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="firmly">firmly</span> <span word="keeps">keeps</span> <span word="religion">religion</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="education">education</span>,<span word="has">has</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="indifferent">indifferent</span> <span word="schools">schools</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="poor">poor</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="educating">educating</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="north">north</span> <span word="Africanorigin">Africanorigin</span>. 瑞典的免费学校常常被英国保守党改革者当作一个令人振奋的改革创新，却也推行困难。瑞典的标准化测试排名在2002年到2012年间急剧下降;其检查及监管体制已经找到了错漏之处。但中央集权也无甚成效。法国一直坚定的把宗教排除在教育之外，现在有许多低档学校，这些学校在教育北非裔的孩子时非常的不上心。 <span word="One">One</span> <span word="sobering">sobering</span> <span word="lesson">lesson</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Birmingham">Birmingham</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="academic">academic</span> <span word="results">results</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="poor">poor</span> <span word="guide">guide</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="thehealth">thehealth</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="school">school</span>. <span word="Park">Park</span> <span word="View">View</span> <span word="School">School</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="rated">rated</span> <span word="outstanding">outstanding</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Ofsted">Ofsted</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="January">January</span> 2012<span word="aglaring">aglaring</span> <span word="misjudgment">misjudgment</span>. <span word="Nor">Nor</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="parent">parent</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="use">use</span>. <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="Muslim">Muslim</span> <span word="families">families</span> <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="tohave">tohave</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="happy">happy</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="conservatism">conservatism</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="school">school</span>. 伯明翰是一个非常令人警醒的教训，学业成绩经常不能正确反映出学校的好坏。2012年一月，园景学校曾经被教育标准局评级为杰出，这是一个非常明显的误判。家长监管的权利也没有得到使用。一些穆斯林家庭似乎对学校的社会保护主义非常满意。 <span word="Increased">Increased</span> <span word="local">local</span> <span word="oversight">oversight</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="England">England</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="schools">schools</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="looks">looks</span> <span word="inevitable">inevitable</span>. <span word="Deciding">Deciding</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="newoverseers">newoverseers</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="doand">doand</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="importantly">importantly</span>, <span word="what">what</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="dowill">dowill</span> <span word="test">test</span> <span word="theingenuity">theingenuity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="reformers">reformers</span>. 如今看来，加强英格兰学校的当地监管是不可避免的。现在，决定监管者应该做什么和不该做什么一样重要，这就会考验所有学校改革者的独创精神。 词语解释 1.<span word="submit">submit</span> <span word="to">to</span> 提交;向提出 <span word="Nothing">Nothing</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="contempt">contempt</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="due">due</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="whoask">whoask</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="submit">submit</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="unmerited">unmerited</span> <span word="oppression">oppression</span>. 对于那些要求我们服从我们不能受之压迫的人，我们有的只是轻蔑。 <span word="We">We</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="potential">potential</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="that">that</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="becomes">becomes</span> <span word="areality">areality</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="continually">continually</span> <span word="surrender">surrender</span> <span word="andsubmit">andsubmit</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Christ">Christ</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="control">control</span>. 可是我们却具备这样的潜力。 只有当我们继续学会放下，服从于耶稣的管理，这一切都会成为现实。 2.<span word="encourage">encourage</span> <span word="to">to</span> 鼓励 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="encourage">encourage</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="join">join</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="list">list</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="contribute">contribute</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="thoughts">thoughts</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="project">project</span>. 我鼓励您加入该列表，并提出您对本项目的想法。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="short">short</span>, <span word="no">no</span> <span word="matter">matter</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="personal">personal</span> <span word="cost">cost</span>, <span word="black">black</span> <span word="woman">woman</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="encourage">encourage</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="marry">marry</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="beforethey">beforethey</span> <span word="marry">marry</span> <span word="out">out</span>. 一句话，不管个人做出什么牺牲，黑人女性在出嫁之前，都被鼓励先下嫁。 3.<span word="desire">desire</span> <span word="to">to</span> 希望 <span word="For">For</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="people">people</span>, <span word="like">like</span> <span word="athletes">athletes</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="desire">desire</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="compete">compete</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="win">win</span>. 对于一些人来说，比如运动员，它或许来自于对竞争和胜利的渴望。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="sovereign">sovereign</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="direct">direct</span> <span word="expression">expression</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="will">will</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="abstractionfrom">abstractionfrom</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="natural">natural</span> <span word="desire">desire</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="rule">rule</span> <span word="myself">myself</span>. 君主制不是对我的，或者你的意志的直接表达,不如说是一种抽象概念,是源于自己统治自己的自然愿望。 4.<span word="slow">slow</span> <span word="down">down</span> 减速，放慢速度 <span word="Injuries">Injuries</span> <span word="teach">teach</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="slow">slow</span> <span word="down">down</span>. 而伤病却教会了你怎样慢下来。 <span word="Before">Before</span> <span word="turning">turning</span>, <span word="you">you</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="slow">slow</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="car">car</span>. 转弯前，你得先减速。</p>
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