阿富汗选举
<p> 2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。 <span word="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="election">election</span> 阿富汗选举 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="useful">useful</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span> 有效的转折 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="fudge">fudge</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="feuding">feuding</span> <span word="presidentialcandidates">presidentialcandidates</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="offer">offer</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="road">road</span> <span word="map">map</span> 两个长期不和的总统候选人相互挤兑，这或许能提供一个政治路线图 <span word="HOLDING">HOLDING</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="presidential">presidential</span> <span word="election">election</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="months">months</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="withdrawal">withdrawal</span> <span word="ofWestern">ofWestern</span> <span word="combat">combat</span> <span word="forces">forces</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="bound">bound</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="riskyeven">riskyeven</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="candidates">candidates</span>, <span word="AbdullahAbdullah">AbdullahAbdullah</span>, <span word="reacted">reacted</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="preliminary">preliminary</span> <span word="results">results</span> <span word="showing">showing</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="suspiciously">suspiciously</span> <span word="big">big</span> <span word="lead">lead</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="opponent">opponent</span>,<span word="Ashraf">Ashraf</span> <span word="Ghani">Ghani</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="alleging">alleging</span> <span word="industrial">industrial</span>-<span word="scale">scale</span> <span word="fraud">fraud</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="plunged">plunged</span> <span word="thecountry">thecountry</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="chaos">chaos</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="war">war</span>. 于西方作战部队撤离前几个月在阿富汗举行总统选举注定是充满风险的。候选人之一的阿卜杜拉断言，对手阿什拉夫的支持率远远领先于他是可疑的，是工业欺诈。这场政治危机可能会使该国经济陷入混乱甚至战争。 <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="dangerous">dangerous</span> <span word="moment">moment</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="oddly">oddly</span> <span word="productive">productive</span>. <span word="Disaster">Disaster</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="beenaverted">beenaverted</span> <span word="thanks">thanks</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="banging">banging</span>-<span word="together">together</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="heads">heads</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="secretary">secretary</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="state">state</span>, <span word="John">John</span> <span word="Kerry">Kerry</span>,<span word="and">and</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="presidential">presidential</span> <span word="candidates">candidates</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="stared">stared</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="abyss">abyss</span> <span word="andretreated">andretreated</span>. <span word="Their">Their</span> <span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="points">points</span> <span word="towards">towards</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="structure">structure</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="thecurrent">thecurrent</span> <span word="one">one</span>. 然而，这一危险时刻可能会出奇地有效。由于美国国务卿约翰克里的群策群力和陷入深渊和撤退时总统候选人们的理智，灾难得以避免。他们的策略指向更有效工作的政治结构。 <span word="Come">Come</span> <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</span> 来吧，这就是阿富汗 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="round">round</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="election">election</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="replace">replace</span> <span word="Hamid">Hamid</span> <span word="Karzai">Karzai</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="president">president</span>, <span word="nearly">nearly</span> 7<span word="m">m</span> <span word="Afghansturned">Afghansturned</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="vote">vote</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span>, <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Abdullah">Abdullah</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="gain">gain</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> 45% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thevote">thevote</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="secured">secured</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="crowded">crowded</span> <span word="field">field</span>; <span word="meanwhile">meanwhile</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="share">share</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="rival">rival</span>, <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Ghani">Ghani</span>, <span word="leaptfrom">leaptfrom</span> 31% <span word="to">to</span> 56%. <span word="Suspiciously">Suspiciously</span>, <span word="turnout">turnout</span> <span word="increased">increased</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> 1<span word="m">m</span> <span word="votes">votes</span>. <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Ghani">Ghani</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="thebacking">thebacking</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Karzai">Karzai</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="stole">stole</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="election">election</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Abdullah">Abdullah</span> <span word="in">in</span> 2009. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="DrAbdullah">DrAbdullah</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="backers">backers</span> <span word="threatened">threatened</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="establish">establish</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="breakaway">breakaway</span> <span word="government">government</span>. <span word="That">That</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="lead">lead</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="civilwar">civilwar</span>. 在第一轮选举中，近700万阿富汗人支持替换哈米德卡尔扎伊总统。但在第二轮中，阿卜杜拉并没有在他有把握的45%领域中获得选票，与此同时，他的竞争对手阿什拉夫的支持率从31%上升到56%。可疑的是，选票增加了100多万。卡尔扎伊是支持阿什拉夫的，他在2009年的选举中从阿卜杜拉手中窃取了选举的胜利。这一次阿卜杜拉的支持者们扬言要建立独立政府，这可能导致内战。 <span word="Barack">Barack</span> <span word="Obama">Obama</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Abdullah">Abdullah</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="threatened">threatened</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="stop">stop</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="military">military</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="financialaid">financialaid</span>. <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Abdullah">Abdullah</span> <span word="backed">backed</span> <span word="down">down</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="return">return</span>, <span word="America">America</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="promised">promised</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="full">full</span>, <span word="internationallysupervised">internationallysupervised</span> <span word="audit">audit</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="vote">vote</span> <span word="cast">cast</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="inauguration">inauguration</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="president">president</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="beenpostponed">beenpostponed</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="August">August</span> 2<span word="nd">nd</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="month">month</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="truth">truth</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="muchfraud">muchfraud</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="audit">audit</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="pick">pick</span> <span word="up">up</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="candidates">candidates</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="promised">promised</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="accept">accept</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="result">result</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="thatmatters">thatmatters</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="actual">actual</span> <span word="tally">tally</span>. 巴拉克?奥巴马同阿卜杜拉联系，威胁称美国将停止所有军事和经济援助。阿卜杜拉做退缩了。作为回报，美国已承诺对投票过程进行完全的国际监督审查。新总统的就职典礼已从8月2日推迟到这个月底，事实上，还不清楚在审查过程中会发现多少舞弊行为。但两位候选人都承诺接受结果，这比实际数字更重要。 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="short">short</span>-<span word="term">term</span> <span word="fix">fix</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="holds">holds</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="promise">promise</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="solution">solution</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="thestructural">thestructural</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="politics">politics</span>. <span word="Too">Too</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="resides">resides</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="office">office</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thepresident">thepresident</span>. <span word="In">In</span> 2004, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="constitution">constitution</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="ratified">ratified</span>, <span word="extreme">extreme</span> <span word="centralisationforexample">centralisationforexample</span>, <span word="all">all</span> <span word="provincial">provincial</span> <span word="governors">governors</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="police">police</span> <span word="chiefs">chiefs</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="appointed">appointed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="presidentseemedthe">presidentseemedthe</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hold">hold</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="together">together</span>. <span word="Now">Now</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="pulling">pulling</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="apart">apart</span>. <span word="Political">Political</span> <span word="loyalties">loyalties</span> <span word="andsocial">andsocial</span> <span word="ties">ties</span> <span word="require">require</span> <span word="local">local</span> <span word="expression">expression</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Karzai">Karzai</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bypass">bypass</span> <span word="institutions">institutions</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="forminghis">forminghis</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="network">network</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="patronage">patronage</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="stunted">stunted</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="development">development</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Afghan">Afghan</span> <span word="democracy">democracy</span> <span word="anddone">anddone</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="corruption">corruption</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="bizarre">bizarre</span> <span word="voting">voting</span> <span word="system">system</span>, <span word="crying">crying</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="reform">reform</span>, <span word="hasprevented">hasprevented</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="formation">formation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="parties">parties</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="resulted">resulted</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="weak">weak</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fractiouslegislature">fractiouslegislature</span>. 作为一个短期的解决方案，该协议同时提供了解决阿富汗政治结构性问题的方法。总统办公室拥有太多的权力。2004年宪法生效时，极度的中央集权例如所有省长和警察局长由总统任命似乎是将整个国家团结在一起的最好方式。现在，中央集权却使国家分裂了。政治忠诚和社会关系需要地域表达。但卡尔扎伊绕过机构形成自己的资助网络，阻碍阿富汗民主的发展并且未能削弱腐败。一个奇怪的迫切需要改革的投票系统，阻碍了真正的政党形成，并形成了脆弱又难以控制的立法机构。 <span word="Under">Under</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="brokered">brokered</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Kerry">Kerry</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="unity">unity</span>. <span word="Theelection">Theelection</span>-<span word="winner">winner</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="president">president</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="loser">loser</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="chief">chief</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="theexecutive">theexecutive</span> <span word="council">council</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="position">position</span> <span word="implying">implying</span> <span word="power">power</span>-<span word="sharing">sharing</span>. <span word="Then">Then</span>, <span word="after">after</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="years">years</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="willbe">willbe</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="loya">loya</span> <span word="jirga">jirga</span> <span word="toapprove">toapprove</span> <span word="constitutional">constitutional</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="include">include</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="creation">creation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="post">post</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="prime">prime</span> <span word="minister">minister</span>. <span word="Hewould">Hewould</span> <span word="rank">rank</span> <span word="below">below</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="president">president</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="executive">executive</span> <span word="powers">powers</span>. 根据克里的谈判交易，将会成立一个民族团结的政府。选举获胜者将成为总统，但失败者将作为执行委员会的主席,，新职位意味着分权。两年之后，将会有一个支尔格大会来批准修改宪法，包括建立总理一职，该头衔低于总统但有行政权力。 <span word="Such">Such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="structure">structure</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="reflect">reflect</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reality">reality</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="ethnically">ethnically</span> <span word="diverse">diverse</span>,<span word="corrupt">corrupt</span>, <span word="Byzantine">Byzantine</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="comfortable">comfortable</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="give">give</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="winner">winner</span>-<span word="takes">takes</span>-<span word="all">all</span> <span word="politics">politics</span>.<span word="It">It</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="offer">offer</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="route">route</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="violence">violence</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="Taliban">Taliban</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="implacableideologues">implacableideologues</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="feel">feel</span> <span word="shut">shut</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="present">present</span> <span word="system">system</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="leaders">leaders</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="work">work</span>,<span word="they">they</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="huge">huge</span> <span word="service">service</span>. 这样的结构可以更好地反映一个国家的现状多民族的、腐败的、拜占庭式的、更适合平等交换而不是赢者通吃的政治。它还可能给那些觉得被现有制度拒之门外的塔利班们一条远离暴力的道路。如果阿富汗领导人能使之生效，它们将会为这个国家做出巨大贡献。 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="happens">happens</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</span>, <span word="everything">everything</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="suddenly">suddenly</span> <span word="wrong">wrong</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Kerryhas">Kerryhas</span> <span word="helped">helped</span> <span word="ensure">ensure</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="crisis">crisis</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="gone">gone</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="waste">waste</span>. 这种事情在阿富汗时有发生，一切都仍有可能突然失败。但克里确保了这个良好的转折点还没有被浪费。 词语解释 1.<span word="bound">bound</span> <span word="to">to</span> 绑定到;必定 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="bound">bound</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="readjust">readjust</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="aholiday">aholiday</span>. 他们肯定需要时间重新适应假期结束后的生活。 <span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="bound">bound</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="teething">teething</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="withsomething">withsomething</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="new">new</span>. 如此新鲜的事物刚开始必然会有些问题。 2.<span word="react">react</span> <span word="to">to</span> 起反应;作出反应 <span word="There">There</span> <span word="dbe">dbe</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="telling">telling</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="John">John</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="react">react</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="news">news</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="this">this</span>. 还不知道约翰听到这样的消息会作何反应。 <span word="Someone">Someone</span> <span word="allergic">allergic</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="milk">milk</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="react">react</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="cheese">cheese</span>. 对牛奶过敏的人可能对奶酪也有不良反应。 3.<span word="plunge">plunge</span> <span word="into">into</span> 投入;跳入;投身于 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="braced">braced</span> <span word="himself">himself</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="icy">icy</span> <span word="plunge">plunge</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="black">black</span> <span word="water">water</span>. 他做好了准备要跳进冰冷的脏水里。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="peace">peace</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="looked">looked</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="brief">brief</span> <span word="truce">truce</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="plunge">plunge</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="war">war</span>. 那种和平看起来常常像是再次陷入战争前的短暂休战。 4.<span word="stare">stare</span> <span word="into">into</span> 凝视 <span word="Who">Who</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="stare">stare</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="space">space</span>? 当你望向太空你会看到谁? <span word="Everyone">Everyone</span> <span word="knows">knows</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="stare">stare</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sun">sun</span>. 每个人都知道不要凝视太阳。</p>
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