首页 › 考研大学英语 › 自由贸易

meili 发表于 2022-10-18 19:40:45

自由贸易

<p>　　2015复习正是强化复习阶段，在考研英语中占了40分，所以考研英语阅读是英语科目中重要的一项。名师老师曾建议过考研生需要坚持每天泛读10-15分钟的英文原刊。强烈推荐了杂志《经济学人》.杂志中的文章也是考研英语的主要材料来源.希望考研考生认真阅读，快速提高考研英语阅读水平。　　<span word="Free">Free</span> <span word="exchange">exchange</span>　　自由贸易　　<span word="Tilted">Tilted</span> <span word="marine">marine</span>　　倾斜的海运　　<span word="New">New</span> <span word="techniques">techniques</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="damage">damage</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="subsidiesat">subsidiesat</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heart">heart</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="global">global</span> <span word="trade">trade</span>　　新方法表明对航运业的补贴具有危害性　　<span word="THERE">THERE</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="symbol">symbol</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="benefits">benefits</span> <span word="ofglobalization">ofglobalization</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="container">container</span> <span word="ship">ship</span>. <span word="More">More</span> <span word="than">than</span> 9 <span word="billion">billion</span> <span word="tonnes">tonnes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="goods">goods</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="materials">materials</span> <span word="weretransported">weretransported</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="sea">sea</span> <span word="in">in</span> 2012, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="trade">trade</span> <span word="helping">helping</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="lift">lift</span> <span word="global">global</span> <span word="growth">growth</span> <span word="rates">rates</span>. <span word="Anever">Anever</span>-<span word="expanding">expanding</span> <span word="web">web</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="links">links</span> <span word="connects">connects</span> <span word="rich">rich</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="poor">poor</span>; <span word="developing">developing</span> <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="account">account</span> <span word="foraround">foraround</span> 60% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="seaborne">seaborne</span> <span word="trade">trade</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="ships">ships</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rotten">rotten</span> <span word="side">side</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="trade">trade</span>: <span word="protectionism">protectionism</span>.<span word="In">In</span> 2006 <span word="China">China</span> <span word="enacted">enacted</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Long">Long</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Medium">Medium</span>-<span word="Term">Term</span> <span word="Plan">Plan</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="enlarge">enlarge</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="shipping">shipping</span> <span word="industry">industry</span> <span word="by">by</span>2015. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="successful">successful</span> . <span word="New">New</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="shows">shows</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="attempts">attempts</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="tiltmarkets">tiltmarkets</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="having">having</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bigger">bigger</span> <span word="impact">impact</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="previously">previously</span> <span word="thought">thought</span>.　　没有什么比集装箱船更能代表全球化带来的益处。2012年，超过90亿吨的物资通过海运运输，这些贸易加快了全球增长速度。发达地区与贫困地区之间的联系不断扩大，如今发展中国家占据了海运贸易的60%。然而，船舶市场依然显现了贸易的消极一面：保护主义。2006年，中国颁布了一个截至2015年的以鼓励航运业为目的的中长期规划。这个计划目前看来是成功的。近期调查显示，中国试图倾斜市场的行为可能比想象中更具冲击力。　　<span word="Protectionism">Protectionism</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="shipping">shipping</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="centuries">centuries</span> <span word="old">old</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="a">a</span> 1905 <span word="study">study</span> <span word="Royal">Royal</span> <span word="Meeker">Meeker</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="Americaneconomist">Americaneconomist</span>, <span word="explained">explained</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="Elizabeth">Elizabeth</span> <span word="I">I</span>. <span word="Rewards">Rewards</span> <span word="werebased">werebased</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="tonnage">tonnage</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ship">ship</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="included">included</span> <span word="bounties">bounties</span> <span word="paid">paid</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="fishing">fishing</span> <span word="boats">boats</span> <span word="heading">heading</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="NorthSea">NorthSea</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="search">search</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="herring">herring</span>. <span word="Adam">Adam</span> <span word="Smith">Smith</span> <span word="provided">provided</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Wealth">Wealth</span> <span word="ofNations">ofNations</span>, <span word="lamenting">lamenting</span>: <span word="It">It</span> <span word="has">has</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="afraid">afraid</span>, <span word="been">been</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="vessels">vessels</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="fit">fit</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="solepurpose">solepurpose</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="catching">catching</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fish">fish</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bounty">bounty</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="handouts">handouts</span> <span word="distorted">distorted</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="shipbuildingindustry">shipbuildingindustry</span>, <span word="resulting">resulting</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="oversize">oversize</span> <span word="fishing">fishing</span> <span word="fleet">fleet</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="misallocation">misallocation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="resources">resources</span>.　　航运业保护主义已经有一百年的历史了。美国经济学家罗亚尔米克在1905年做的一项研究解释了伊丽莎白一世在任期间的补贴制度是怎样制定的。补贴是基于船舶吨位确定的，包括对驶往北海捕获鲱鱼的渔船提供的奖金。亚当斯密在《国富论》中给出了一个早期的经济分析，他感叹道：装配船舶的唯一目的恐怕不是捕鱼，而是为了得到津贴。救济金扭曲了造船业，引致了捕捞船队过于庞大、资源配置不当。　　<span word="Far">Far</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="avoiding">avoiding</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="distortion">distortion</span> <span word="Smith">Smith</span> <span word="spotted">spotted</span>, <span word="governments">governments</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="keen">keen</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="nurture">nurture</span> <span word="it">it</span>.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="logic">logic</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="military">military</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="merchant">merchant</span> <span word="fleet">fleet</span> <span word="meant">meant</span> <span word="lots">lots</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="boats">boats</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="becommandeered">becommandeered</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="times">times</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="war">war</span>. <span word="One">One</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bolster">bolster</span> <span word="shipping">shipping</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="grantlucrative">grantlucrative</span> <span word="contracts">contracts</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="postal">postal</span> <span word="delivery">delivery</span>: <span word="Britain">Britain</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Cunard">Cunard</span> <span word="lines">lines</span> <span word="benefited">benefited</span> <span word="hugely">hugely</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="adeal">adeal</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1830<span word="s">s</span>. <span word="Another">Another</span> <span word="method">method</span>, <span word="used">used</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Japan">Japan</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="early">early</span> 1900<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="waseasy">waseasy</span> <span word="finance">finance</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cut">cut</span>-<span word="price">price</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="loans">loans</span>.　　与斯密所倡导的避免市场扭曲理论相悖甚远，各国政府一直以来都热衷于提供补贴。早期，对航运业提供补贴被认为可以为军事服务。一个强大的商船队意味着战争时期可以征用更多的船舶。鼓励航运业的一种方法是允许签订利润丰厚的邮递合同：英国的丘纳德航运公司在1830年的一笔邮递交易中获利甚多。另一种方法是以廉价政府贷款的形式为航运公司提供便捷的融资，这也是19世纪初美国和日本采取的政策。　　<span word="Modern">Modern</span> <span word="shipping">shipping</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="build">build</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="heft">heft</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="military">military</span> <span word="might">might</span>.<span word="Governments">Governments</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="shipping">shipping</span> <span word="due">due</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="knock">knock</span>-<span word="on">on</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="booming">booming</span> <span word="yard">yard</span>. <span word="Modern">Modern</span> <span word="ships">ships</span> <span word="arehuge">arehuge</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="include">include</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="to">to</span> 30,000 <span word="parts">parts</span>. <span word="Assembling">Assembling</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="labour">labour</span>-<span word="intensive">intensive</span>,<span word="and">and</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="parts">parts</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="outside">outside</span> <span word="suppliers">suppliers</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="shipyards">shipyards</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="report">report</span> <span word="byAmerica">byAmerica</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="Maritime">Maritime</span> <span word="Administration">Administration</span> <span word="estimated">estimated</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> 107,000 <span word="people">people</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="thecountry">thecountry</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="heavily">heavily</span> <span word="protected">protected</span> <span word="shipyards">shipyards</span>. <span word="Adding">Adding</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="companies">companies</span> <span word="supporting">supporting</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="yards">yards</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="theshops">theshops</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="services">services</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="workers">workers</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="total">total</span> <span word="ran">ran</span> <span word="to">to</span> 400,000, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="employmentmultiplier">employmentmultiplier</span> <span word="of">of</span> 4. <span word="So">So</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="is">is</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="helping">helping</span> <span word="shipping">shipping</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="indirectly">indirectly</span> <span word="supportsworkers">supportsworkers</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="industries">industries</span>.　　现在的航运补贴更多的则是为了加强经济实力，而非军事力量。各国政府青睐航运业是因为建造船厂能够带来一系列连锁效应。现代船舶船型巨大，可囊括零部件多达3万个。供应商制造向船厂提供的零部件，以及组装这些部件都是劳动密集型的工作。根据美国海事局最近做的一份报告估计，超过10.7万人在政府强烈保护的造船厂工作。加上这些造船厂的供应商，以及这些工人产生的商品和服务消费需求，总共拉动了40万人的就业，就业乘数为4。因此，这样一来通过加强航运业，政府间接拉动了其他行业的就业。　　<span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="economists">economists</span> <span word="views">views</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="hardened">hardened</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="time">time</span>. <span word="China">China</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="policy">policy</span> <span word="providessubsidies">providessubsidies</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="construction">construction</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ships">ships</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="building">building</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="expansion">expansion</span> <span word="ofshipyards">ofshipyards</span>. <span word="These">These</span> <span word="interferences">interferences</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="distort">distort</span> <span word="trade">trade</span>, <span word="resulting">resulting</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="inefficient">inefficient</span> <span word="production">production</span>. <span word="Indeciding">Indeciding</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="subsidy">subsidy</span> <span word="flouts">flouts</span> <span word="trade">trade</span> <span word="rules">rules</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="World">World</span> <span word="Trade">Trade</span> <span word="Organisation">Organisation</span> <span word="uses">uses</span> <span word="aprice">aprice</span> <span word="gap">gap</span> <span word="approach">approach</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="simple">simple</span>: <span word="if">if</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="producing">producing</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="selling">selling</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="abig">abig</span> <span word="discount">discount</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="others">others</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="charging">charging</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="fishy">fishy</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="on">on</span>.　　然而，经济学家们对政府补贴的态度越来越坚定。中国的政策是同时对建造船舶和建造、扩大船坞提供补贴。这些干预会扭曲贸易，导致生产效率低下。世界贸易组织用价格差的方法判定一项补贴是否违反贸易规则。道理很简单：如果一国生产并出售某产品的价格远低于其他国家的要价，这其中可能就有问题。　　<span word="Price">Price</span> <span word="gaps">gaps</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="quick">quick</span> <span word="warning">warning</span> <span word="system">system</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="poor">poor</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="judge">judge</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="full">full</span> <span word="extent">extent</span> <span word="ofsubsidies">ofsubsidies</span>, <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> 2013 <span word="book">book</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Usha">Usha</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="George">George</span> <span word="Haley">Haley</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="West">West</span> <span word="Virginia">Virginia</span> <span word="Universityand">Universityand</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="New">New</span> <span word="Haven">Haven</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="static">static</span> <span word="approach">approach</span>, <span word="ignoring">ignoring</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="demand">demand</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="eachshipyard">eachshipyard</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="differentiated">differentiated</span> <span word="products">products</span> <span word="varies">varies</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="time">time</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="fails">fails</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="account">account</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="variations">variations</span> <span word="inefficiency">inefficiency</span>. <span word="Whereas">Whereas</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="relatively">relatively</span> <span word="cheap">cheap</span>, <span word="large">large</span> <span word="South">South</span> <span word="Korean">Korean</span> <span word="orJapanese">orJapanese</span> <span word="shipyards">shipyards</span> <span word="exploit">exploit</span> <span word="economies">economies</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="scale">scale</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="smaller">smaller</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="yards">yards</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span>. <span word="Thebalance">Thebalance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="factors">factors</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="addition">addition</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span>, <span word="should">should</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="shipyard">shipyard</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="costs">costs</span> <span word="andprices">andprices</span>.　　根据乌莎和乔治海利在2013年发表的一本书，价格差提供了一个直观警示机制，但它却不能很好的判断补贴的真实程度。价格差是个静态方法，忽视了每个造船厂的不同产品的需求随时间的变动。并且它也不能解释生产效率的变动。虽然中国的劳动力可能相对更廉价，但韩国和日本的大型造船厂相对中国的小型造船厂拥有规模效应。除了补贴，这些因素的综合作用也影响着造船厂的成本和定价。　　<span word="Recognising">Recognising</span> <span word="this">this</span>, <span word="a">a</span> 2014 <span word="working">working</span> <span word="paper">paper</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Myrto">Myrto</span> <span word="Kalouptsidi">Kalouptsidi</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Princeton">Princeton</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="providesa">providesa</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="spot">spot</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="measure">measure</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="impact">impact</span>. <span word="Using">Using</span> <span word="detailed">detailed</span> <span word="quarterly">quarterly</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="onfactors">onfactors</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="shipyard">shipyard</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="age">age</span>, <span word="size">size</span>, <span word="capacity">capacity</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="staffing">staffing</span> <span word="levels">levels</span> <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="Kalouptsidi">Kalouptsidi</span> <span word="estimates">estimates</span> <span word="costfunctionsthe">costfunctionsthe</span> <span word="relationship">relationship</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="yard">yard</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="output">output</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="productionfor">productionfor</span> 192 <span word="yardsacross">yardsacross</span> <span word="China">China</span>, <span word="Japan">Japan</span>, <span word="South">South</span> <span word="Korea">Korea</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span>. <span word="By">By</span> <span word="analysing">analysing</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="between">between</span> 2001 <span word="and">and</span> 2012, <span word="shecan">shecan</span> <span word="isolate">isolate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="impact">impact</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="s">s</span> 2006 <span word="policy">policy</span>.　　鉴于上述原因，普林斯顿大学的学者<span word="Myrto">Myrto</span> <span word="Kalouptsidi">Kalouptsidi</span>于2014年在一份研究手稿中提出了一种考察补贴并衡量其影响的新方法。使用造船厂年龄、规模、容量、员工配备水平等因素的详细季度数据，<span word="Kalouptsidi">Kalouptsidi</span>估计出了中国、日本、韩国以及欧洲的192个造船厂的成本函数。通过分析2001年到2012年的数据，她排除了中国2006年鼓励航运业的政策的影响。　　<span word="The">The</span> <span word="results">results</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="striking">striking</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="price">price</span>-<span word="gap">gap</span> <span word="approach">approach</span> <span word="shows">shows</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="ships">ships</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> 7.3%<span word="less">less</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="rivals">rivals</span> . <span word="Controlling">Controlling</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="quality">quality</span> <span word="differencesChinese">differencesChinese</span> <span word="ships">ships</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="lower">lower</span> <span word="qualityand">qualityand</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="around">around</span> 3.5% <span word="cheaper">cheaper</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="absence">absence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="subsidiesgives">subsidiesgives</span> <span word="a">a</span> 4% <span word="gap">gap</span>,<span word="hardly">hardly</span> <span word="justification">justification</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="WTO">WTO</span> <span word="rage">rage</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="Kalouptsidi">Kalouptsidi</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="estimates">estimates</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="thestory">thestory</span>. <span word="Government">Government</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="artificially">artificially</span> <span word="lowered">lowered</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="firms">firms</span> <span word="costs">costs</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="between">between</span> 15-20%. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="aidwill">aidwill</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="included">included</span> <span word="explicit">explicit</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="hidden">hidden</span> <span word="benefits">benefits</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="tolerating">tolerating</span> <span word="losses">losses</span> <span word="atstate">atstate</span>-<span word="owned">owned</span> <span word="yards">yards</span>. <span word="China">China</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="market">market</span> <span word="share">share</span> <span word="jumped">jumped</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="policy">policy</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="introduced">introduced</span> .　　结果是惊人的。简单的价格差方法显示中国船舶的生产成本相对其竞争对手低7.3%。考虑质量差异中国船舶被认为质量低下，即使没有补贴也应该便宜将近3.5%最终产生了4%的价格差，这并不足以让<span word="WTO">WTO</span>动怒。但是<span word="Kalouptsidi">Kalouptsidi</span>的估测表明，这仅仅是表面现象。政府人为地援助中国企业将成本降低了15%到20%。这些援助包括显性补贴和隐性福利，例如容许国有造船厂亏损经营。自从这种政策出台，中国的市场份额显著跃升。　　<span word="As">As</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Smith">Smith</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="day">day</span>, <span word="this">this</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="shifted">shifted</span> <span word="resources">resources</span>. <span word="By">By</span> <span word="comparing">comparing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="costs">costs</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="productivity">productivity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="theshipyards">theshipyards</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="sample">sample</span>, <span word="Ms">Ms</span> <span word="Kalouptsidi">Kalouptsidi</span> <span word="forecasts">forecasts</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="market">market</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="inthe">inthe</span> <span word="absence">absence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span>. <span word="Her">Her</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span> <span word="points">points</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="big">big</span> <span word="resource">resource</span> <span word="reallocation">reallocation</span>: <span word="absentthe">absentthe</span> <span word="meddling">meddling</span>, <span word="Japan">Japan</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="market">market</span> <span word="share">share</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="around">around</span> 30 <span word="percentage">percentage</span> <span word="points">points</span> <span word="higher">higher</span>.<span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="South">South</span> <span word="Korean">Korean</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="Japanese">Japanese</span> <span word="yards">yards</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="efficient">efficient</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="s">s</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="thatthe">thatthe</span> <span word="true">true</span> <span word="cost">cost</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ship">ship</span> <span word="production">production</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="risen">risen</span>. <span word="Bloated">Bloated</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="subsidy">subsidy</span>, <span word="China">China</span> <span word="s">s</span> <span word="yards">yards</span> <span word="haveturned">haveturned</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="surfeit">surfeit</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="vessels">vessels</span>, <span word="often">often</span> <span word="poorly">poorly</span> <span word="matched">matched</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="customers">customers</span> <span word="demands">demands</span>.　　如同在斯密的时代，这种政策转移了资源。<span word="Kalouptsidi">Kalouptsidi</span>女士通过比较她选取的样本中的不同造船厂的成本和生产率，预测出了在中国不提供补贴的情况下市场的发展状况。她分析提出了一个大幅变动的资源重置：如果没有干预，日本的市场份额应该比现在高出大概30%。由于许多韩国和日本的造船厂比中国生产效率更高，这意味着船舶的真实生产成本可能已经抬高了。受到补贴的鼓励，中国造船厂过度生产，常常与客户需求不匹配。　　<span word="All">All</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="WTO">WTO</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="trade">trade</span>-<span word="watchers">watchers</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="refine">refine</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="tools">tools</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="helpidentify">helpidentify</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="full">full</span> <span word="extent">extent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span>. <span word="Other">Other</span> <span word="markets">markets</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="ripe">ripe</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span>. <span word="Theglobal">Theglobal</span> <span word="glut">glut</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="solar">solar</span> <span word="panels">panels</span> <span word="owes">owes</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="protectionism">protectionism</span>, <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Hayleys">Hayleys</span> <span word="book">book</span>.<span word="Steel">Steel</span> <span word="markets">markets</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="badly">badly</span> <span word="distorted">distorted</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="subsidies">subsidies</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="producers">producers</span>, <span word="says">says</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="WTO">WTO</span>. <span word="Subsidised">Subsidised</span> <span word="solarpanels">solarpanels</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="exported">exported</span> <span word="aboard">aboard</span> <span word="subsidised">subsidised</span> <span word="ships">ships</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="subsidised">subsidised</span> <span word="steel">steel</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="farthose">farthose</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="seek">seek</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="trade">trade</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="go">go</span>.　　这些都表明了<span word="WTO">WTO</span>和其他的贸易研究者可能需要改进方法，以更好地判断补贴的严重程度。其他市场已经具备使用上述分析方法的条件。根据海利的书，太阳能电池板在全球范围内的供给过剩是由保护主义造成的。<span word="WTO">WTO</span>认为，钢材市场因为生产补贴而严重扭曲。用补贴的钢材建造补贴的船舶，运输出口补贴的太阳能电池板，看来那些追求自由贸易的人还有很长一段路要走。　　词语解释　　1.<span word="account">account</span> <span word="for">for</span> 对负有责任;对做出解释　　<span word="Jack">Jack</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="account">account</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="foolish">foolish</span> <span word="mistake">mistake</span>.　　杰克无法解释自己的愚蠢错误。　　<span word="He">He</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="account">account</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="chairman">chairman</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="moneyhe">moneyhe</span> <span word="spends">spends</span>.　　他必须向主席说明他所花掉所有钱的去向。　　2.<span word="attempt">attempt</span> <span word="to">to</span> 尝试，企图　　<span word="These">These</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="attempt">attempt</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="what">what</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="anything">anything</span>, <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="it">it</span>.　　这些书试图解释为什么会那样，如果能做的话应该做什么。　　<span word="We">We</span> <span word="shall">shall</span> <span word="attempt">attempt</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="answer">answer</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="book">book</span>,<span word="he">he</span> <span word="wrote">wrote</span>.　　我们将试图在这本书中回答这个问题，他说道。　　3.<span word="head">head</span> <span word="for">for</span> 前往;出发　　<span word="He">He</span> <span word="headed">headed</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="him">him</span>.　　叫了他一声之后，他朝我走过来了。　　<span word="Then">Then</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="headed">headed</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Broadway">Broadway</span>.　　然后，她便把目标定在了百老汇。</p>

查看完整版本: 自由贸易